Economic Indicators Jobs and unemployment
Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics releases a report on the employment situation for the previous month. Their release includes data on job growth, unemployment, and wage growth, which gives us a snapshot of the health of the economy and whether it’s working for ordinary Americans.
Key numbers • August
3.8%
National unemployment rate
187,000
Net jobs in June
80.9%
Share of prime working-age population with a job
4,048,000
Number of jobs gained since February 2020
August
Jobs report: August jobs report shows a steady labor market: 187,000 jobs added as labor force participation rate climbs
Below, EPI senior economist Elise Gould offers her insights on the jobs report released this morning, which showed 187,000 jobs added in August. Read the full thread here.
Labor market report this morning is mostly positive:
– Payrolls up 187k, still pulling people in off the sidelines every month
– Increase in unemployment due to rise in participation; employment rate held steady
– Black unemployment ticked down
– Wage growth 4.3% year over year— Elise Gould (@eliselgould) September 1, 2023
Job growth strongest in health care and social assistance, followed by leisure and hospitality, construction, and professional and business services. Notable declines in transportation and warehousing and information. pic.twitter.com/JPxDduPQ6k
— Elise Gould (@eliselgould) September 1, 2023
State govt employment was flat, while local govt employment fell. State and local govt education saw losses of 4,900 and 10,200, respectively. Key to track now as students return to their classrooms.
Overall state and local employment remains 1.5% below pre-pandemic levels. pic.twitter.com/OBxcswHiU4
— Elise Gould (@eliselgould) September 1, 2023
The deceleration in nominal wage growth is even more apparent in the most recent numbers. Year over year wage growth is at 4.3%, a mild decline from last month. The annualized monthly change–a notably more volatile series–dropped significantly in August, down to 2.9%. pic.twitter.com/ynVPcx120D
— Elise Gould (@eliselgould) September 1, 2023
The unemployment rate rose as the employment-to-population ratio (EPOP) held steady and the participation rate ticked up. The EPOP for workers 25-54 held steady, above both the pre-pandemic level as well as the peak before the Great Recession. pic.twitter.com/Z2crI7Pfzz
— Elise Gould (@eliselgould) September 1, 2023
Charting jobs and unemployment
Current Employment Statistics Charts
The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, also known as the establishment survey, is a monthly survey administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) which provides estimates of employment, hours, and earnings based on payroll records of approximately 131,000 businesses and government agencies.
Jobs day
Monthly change in payroll employment, January 2020–August 2023
| Date | Change in Employment |
|---|---|
| Jan-2020 | 334 |
| Feb-2020 | 273 |
| Mar-2020 | -1427 |
| Apr-2020 | -20514 |
| May-2020 | 2625 |
| Jun-2020 | 4565 |
| Jul-2020 | 1444 |
| Aug-2020 | 1735 |
| Sep-2020 | 961 |
| Oct-2020 | 719 |
| Nov-2020 | 264 |
| Dec-2020 | -268 |
| Jan-2021 | 494 |
| Feb-2021 | 575 |
| Mar-2021 | 784 |
| Apr-2021 | 286 |
| May-2021 | 482 |
| Jun-2021 | 693 |
| Jul-2021 | 769 |
| Aug-2021 | 663 |
| Sep-2021 | 557 |
| Oct-2021 | 781 |
| Nov-2021 | 614 |
| Dec-2021 | 569 |
| Jan-2022 | 364 |
| Feb-2022 | 904 |
| Mar-2022 | 414 |
| Apr-2022 | 254 |
| May-2022 | 364 |
| Jun-2022 | 370 |
| Jul-2022 | 568 |
| Aug-2022 | 352 |
| Sep-2022 | 350 |
| Oct-2022 | 324 |
| Nov-2022 | 290 |
| Dec-2022 | 239 |
| Jan-2023 | 472 |
| Feb-2023 | 248 |
| Mar-2023 | 217 |
| Apr-2023 | 217 |
| May-2023 | 281 |
| Jun-2023 | 105 |
| Jul-2023 | 157 |
| Aug-2023 | 187 |
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Jobs day
Measuring the job shortfall since February 2020: Actual and counterfactual employment, January 2019–August 2023
| date | Actual nonfarm payroll employment | Employment if it had continued growing at the pre-recession level | Employment if it had grown with population growth since February 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sep-2019 | 151.3 | NA | NA |
| Oct-2019 | 151.4 | NA | NA |
| Nov-2019 | 151.7 | NA | NA |
| Dec-2019 | 151.8 | NA | NA |
| Jan-2020 | 152.1 | NA | NA |
| Feb-2020 | 152.4 | 152.4 | 152.4 |
| Mar-2020 | 150.9 | 152.6 | 152.5 |
| Apr-2020 | 130.4 | 152.8 | 152.6 |
| May-2020 | 133.1 | 152.9 | 152.7 |
| Jun-2020 | 137.6 | 153.1 | 152.8 |
| Jul-2020 | 139.1 | 153.3 | 152.9 |
| Aug-2020 | 140.8 | 153.5 | 153.0 |
| Sep-2020 | 141.8 | 153.7 | 153.1 |
| Oct-2020 | 142.5 | 153.9 | 153.2 |
| Nov-2020 | 142.7 | 154.1 | 153.3 |
| Dec-2020 | 142.5 | 154.3 | 153.4 |
| Jan-2021 | 143.0 | 154.5 | 153.5 |
| Feb-2021 | 143.5 | 154.6 | 153.6 |
| Mar-2021 | 144.3 | 154.8 | 153.8 |
| Apr-2021 | 144.6 | 155.0 | 153.9 |
| May-2021 | 145.1 | 155.2 | 154.0 |
| Jun-2021 | 145.8 | 155.4 | 154.1 |
| Jul-2021 | 146.6 | 155.6 | 154.2 |
| Aug-2021 | 147.2 | 155.8 | 154.3 |
| Sep-2021 | 147.8 | 156.0 | 154.4 |
| Oct-2021 | 148.6 | 156.2 | 154.5 |
| Nov-2021 | 149.2 | 156.4 | 154.6 |
| Dec-2021 | 149.7 | 156.5 | 154.7 |
| Jan-2022 | 150.1 | 156.7 | 154.8 |
| Feb-2022 | 151.0 | 156.9 | 154.9 |
| Mar-2022 | 151.4 | 157.1 | 155.0 |
| Apr-2022 | 151.7 | 157.3 | 155.1 |
| May-2022 | 152.0 | 157.5 | 155.2 |
| Jun-2022 | 152.4 | 157.7 | 155.3 |
| Jul-2022 | 153.0 | 157.9 | 155.5 |
| Aug-2022 | 153.3 | 158.1 | 155.6 |
| Sep-2022 | 153.7 | 158.3 | 155.7 |
| Oct-2022 | 154.0 | 158.4 | 155.8 |
| Nov-2022 | 154.3 | 158.6 | 155.9 |
| Dec-2022 | 154.5 | 158.8 | 156.0 |
| Jan-2023 | 155.0 | 159.0 | 156.1 |
| Feb-2023 | 155.3 | 159.2 | 156.2 |
| Mar-2023 | 155.5 | 159.4 | 156.3 |
| Apr-2023 | 155.7 | 159.6 | 156.4 |
| May-2023 | 156.0 | 159.8 | 156.5 |
| Jun-2023 | 156.1 | 160.0 | 156.6 |
| Jul-2023 | 156.2 | 160.2 | 156.7 |
| Aug-2023 | 156.4 | 160.3 | 156.8 |
Notes: Payroll employment growth averaged 202,000 in the 12 months leading up to the pandemic recession. Population-adjusted employment growth applies population growth in the latest month since February 2020 to payroll employment and interpolates in the intervening years.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey public data series.
Figure
Federal fiscal relief at the scale of the problem led to a faster recovery from the pandemic recession: Private-sector employment change since business cycle peak, December 2007 and February 2020
| Months since peak | 2007 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| 2 | 100.0 | 98.9 |
| 3 | 99.9 | 83.8 |
| 4 | 99.8 | 86.2 |
| 5 | 99.6 | 89.7 |
| 6 | 99.4 | 90.8 |
| 7 | 99.3 | 91.7 |
| 8 | 99.1 | 92.5 |
| 9 | 98.8 | 93.2 |
| 10 | 98.4 | 93.5 |
| 11 | 98.0 | 93.3 |
| 12 | 97.4 | 93.6 |
| 13 | 96.8 | 94.0 |
| 14 | 96.1 | 94.6 |
| 15 | 95.4 | 94.7 |
| 16 | 94.8 | 95.1 |
| 17 | 94.1 | 95.6 |
| 18 | 93.8 | 96.2 |
| 19 | 93.5 | 96.6 |
| 20 | 93.2 | 97.1 |
| 21 | 93.0 | 97.7 |
| 22 | 92.9 | 98.2 |
| 23 | 92.7 | 98.6 |
| 24 | 92.7 | 98.9 |
| 25 | 92.5 | 99.6 |
| 26 | 92.5 | 99.9 |
| 27 | 92.4 | 100.1 |
| 28 | 92.5 | 100.3 |
| 29 | 92.7 | 100.6 |
| 30 | 92.8 | 101.0 |
| 31 | 92.9 | 101.2 |
| 32 | 93.0 | 101.5 |
| 33 | 93.1 | 101.7 |
| 34 | 93.2 | 101.9 |
| 35 | 93.4 | 102.1 |
| 36 | 93.5 | 102.4 |
| 37 | 93.6 | 102.5 |
| 38 | 93.6 | 102.6 |
| 39 | 93.8 | 102.8 |
| 40 | 94.0 | 103.0 |
| 41 | 94.3 | 103.1 |
| 42 | 94.4 | |
| 43 | 94.6 | |
| 44 | 94.8 | |
| 45 | 94.9 | |
| 46 | 95.1 | |
| 47 | 95.3 | |
| 48 | 95.4 | |
| 49 | 95.6 | |
| 50 | 95.9 | |
| 51 | 96.2 | |
| 52 | 96.4 | |
| 53 | 96.4 | |
| 54 | 96.6 | |
| 55 | 96.6 | |
| 56 | 96.7 | |
| 57 | 96.9 | |
| 58 | 97.0 | |
| 59 | 97.2 | |
| 60 | 97.4 | |
| 61 | 97.6 | |
| 62 | 97.7 | |
| 63 | 98.0 | |
| 64 | 98.1 | |
| 65 | 98.3 | |
| 66 | 98.5 | |
| 67 | 98.6 | |
| 68 | 98.8 | |
| 69 | 99.0 | |
| 70 | 99.1 | |
| 71 | 99.3 | |
| 72 | 99.5 | |
| 73 | 99.6 | |
| 74 | 99.8 | |
| 75 | 99.9 | |
| 76 | 100.1 |
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Figure
Percent change in payrolls since February 2020, for all private and state and local government employment
| date | Total private-sector employment | State and local government employment |
|---|---|---|
| Feb-2020 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Mar-2020 | -1.1% | -0.3% |
| Apr-2020 | -16.2% | -4.8% |
| May-2020 | -13.8% | -7.5% |
| Jun-2020 | -10.3% | -7.5% |
| Jul-2020 | -9.2% | -7.1% |
| Aug-2020 | -8.3% | -5.8% |
| Sep-2020 | -7.5% | -6.1% |
| Oct-2020 | -6.8% | -6.1% |
| Nov-2020 | -6.5% | -6.1% |
| Dec-2020 | -6.7% | -6.2% |
| Jan-2021 | -6.4% | -5.6% |
| Feb-2021 | -6.0% | -5.5% |
| Mar-2021 | -5.4% | -5.1% |
| Apr-2021 | -5.3% | -4.9% |
| May-2021 | -4.9% | -4.9% |
| Jun-2021 | -4.4% | -4.5% |
| Jul-2021 | -3.8% | -4.3% |
| Aug-2021 | -3.4% | -4.0% |
| Sep-2021 | -2.9% | -4.1% |
| Oct-2021 | -2.3% | -4.3% |
| Nov-2021 | -1.8% | -4.3% |
| Dec-2021 | -1.4% | -4.2% |
| Jan-2022 | -1.1% | -4.1% |
| Feb-2022 | -0.4% | -4.0% |
| Mar-2022 | -0.1% | -4.1% |
| Apr-2022 | 0.1% | -3.9% |
| May-2022 | 0.3% | -3.8% |
| Jun-2022 | 0.6% | -3.8% |
| Jul-2022 | 1.0% | -3.5% |
| Aug-2022 | 1.2% | -3.2% |
| Sep-2022 | 1.5% | -3.2% |
| Oct-2022 | 1.7% | -3.1% |
| Nov-2022 | 1.9% | -2.8% |
| Dec-2022 | 2.1% | -2.8% |
| Jan-2023 | 2.4% | -2.3% |
| Feb-2023 | 2.5% | -2.0% |
| Mar-2023 | 2.6% | -1.8% |
| Apr-2023 | 2.8% | -1.6% |
| May-2023 | 3.0% | -1.5% |
| Jun-2023 | 3.0% | -1.5% |
| Jul-2023 | 3.2% | -1.5% |
| Aug-2023 | 3.3% | -1.5% |
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.
Figure
Employment change by industry (thousands) between July 2023 and August 2023
| Industry | Employment change, one month |
|---|---|
| Health care and social assistance | 97.3 |
| Leisure and hospitality | 40 |
| Construction | 22 |
| Professional and business services | 19 |
| Manufacturing | 16 |
| Other services | 13 |
| Government | 8 |
| Retail services | 6.3 |
| Wholesale trade | 4.7 |
| Educational services | 4.7 |
| Financial activities | 4 |
| Utilities | 2.5 |
| Mining and logging | -2 |
| Information | -15 |
| Transportation and warehousing | -34.2 |
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.
Figure
Employment change by industry since February 2020: All employees (thousands), seasonally adjusted, August 2023
| Industry | Employment change since February 2020 |
|---|---|
| Professional and business services | 1578 |
| Transportation and warehousing | 889.6 |
| Health care and social assistance | 802.6 |
| Construction | 385 |
| Financial activities | 289 |
| Manufacturing | 212 |
| Wholesale trade | 177.2 |
| Information | 143 |
| Educational services | 141.2 |
| Retail services | 25 |
| Utilities | 9.8 |
| Mining and logging | -44 |
| Other services | -58 |
| Government | -213 |
| Leisure and hospitality | -290 |
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.
Nominal Wage Tracker
Year-over-year change in private-sector nominal average hourly earnings, 2007–2023
| date | All nonfarm employees | Production/nonsupervisory workers |
|---|---|---|
| Mar-2007 | 3.4% | 4.1% |
| Apr-2007 | 3.1% | 3.8% |
| May-2007 | 3.5% | 4.1% |
| Jun-2007 | 3.6% | 4.2% |
| Jul-2007 | 3.3% | 4.1% |
| Aug-2007 | 3.3% | 4.0% |
| Sep-2007 | 3.1% | 4.0% |
| Oct-2007 | 3.1% | 3.8% |
| Nov-2007 | 3.1% | 3.8% |
| Dec-2007 | 2.9% | 3.8% |
| Jan-2008 | 3.0% | 3.8% |
| Feb-2008 | 2.8% | 3.8% |
| Mar-2008 | 3.0% | 3.8% |
| Apr-2008 | 2.9% | 3.7% |
| May-2008 | 3.0% | 3.7% |
| Jun-2008 | 2.7% | 3.6% |
| Jul-2008 | 3.1% | 3.7% |
| Aug-2008 | 3.3% | 3.9% |
| Sep-2008 | 3.2% | 3.7% |
| Oct-2008 | 3.3% | 3.8% |
| Nov-2008 | 3.6% | 3.9% |
| Dec-2008 | 3.6% | 3.9% |
| Jan-2009 | 3.6% | 3.7% |
| Feb-2009 | 3.4% | 3.6% |
| Mar-2009 | 3.3% | 3.5% |
| Apr-2009 | 3.3% | 3.4% |
| May-2009 | 3.0% | 3.1% |
| Jun-2009 | 2.9% | 2.8% |
| Jul-2009 | 2.7% | 2.7% |
| Aug-2009 | 2.4% | 2.7% |
| Sep-2009 | 2.5% | 2.7% |
| Oct-2009 | 2.5% | 2.7% |
| Nov-2009 | 2.2% | 2.7% |
| Dec-2009 | 1.9% | 2.5% |
| Jan-2010 | 2.0% | 2.7% |
| Feb-2010 | 2.1% | 2.5% |
| Mar-2010 | 1.8% | 2.2% |
| Apr-2010 | 1.8% | 2.4% |
| May-2010 | 1.9% | 2.6% |
| Jun-2010 | 1.8% | 2.6% |
| Jul-2010 | 1.8% | 2.4% |
| Aug-2010 | 1.8% | 2.4% |
| Sep-2010 | 1.8% | 2.2% |
| Oct-2010 | 2.0% | 2.5% |
| Nov-2010 | 1.7% | 2.2% |
| Dec-2010 | 1.8% | 2.0% |
| Jan-2011 | 2.0% | 2.4% |
| Feb-2011 | 1.9% | 2.1% |
| Mar-2011 | 1.8% | 2.1% |
| Apr-2011 | 1.9% | 2.1% |
| May-2011 | 2.0% | 2.1% |
| Jun-2011 | 2.1% | 2.0% |
| Jul-2011 | 2.3% | 2.3% |
| Aug-2011 | 2.0% | 1.9% |
| Sep-2011 | 2.0% | 2.0% |
| Oct-2011 | 2.0% | 1.9% |
| Nov-2011 | 2.0% | 1.8% |
| Dec-2011 | 2.0% | 1.8% |
| Jan-2012 | 1.7% | 1.3% |
| Feb-2012 | 1.8% | 1.5% |
| Mar-2012 | 2.1% | 1.7% |
| Apr-2012 | 2.1% | 1.7% |
| May-2012 | 1.8% | 1.3% |
| Jun-2012 | 2.0% | 1.5% |
| Jul-2012 | 1.7% | 1.4% |
| Aug-2012 | 1.8% | 1.4% |
| Sep-2012 | 1.9% | 1.5% |
| Oct-2012 | 1.6% | 1.2% |
| Nov-2012 | 1.9% | 1.4% |
| Dec-2012 | 2.2% | 1.7% |
| Jan-2013 | 2.2% | 1.8% |
| Feb-2013 | 2.1% | 2.0% |
| Mar-2013 | 1.9% | 1.8% |
| Apr-2013 | 2.1% | 1.8% |
| May-2013 | 2.1% | 1.9% |
| Jun-2013 | 2.1% | 2.1% |
| Jul-2013 | 2.0% | 2.0% |
| Aug-2013 | 2.3% | 2.2% |
| Sep-2013 | 2.1% | 2.2% |
| Oct-2013 | 2.2% | 2.3% |
| Nov-2013 | 2.2% | 2.3% |
| Dec-2013 | 1.9% | 2.2% |
| Jan-2014 | 2.0% | 2.3% |
| Feb-2014 | 2.3% | 2.6% |
| Mar-2014 | 2.2% | 2.5% |
| Apr-2014 | 2.0% | 2.3% |
| May-2014 | 2.1% | 2.4% |
| Jun-2014 | 2.1% | 2.3% |
| Jul-2014 | 2.1% | 2.3% |
| Aug-2014 | 2.2% | 2.4% |
| Sep-2014 | 2.0% | 2.2% |
| Oct-2014 | 2.0% | 2.2% |
| Nov-2014 | 2.1% | 2.3% |
| Dec-2014 | 1.8% | 1.8% |
| Jan-2015 | 2.1% | 2.0% |
| Feb-2015 | 1.9% | 1.6% |
| Mar-2015 | 2.2% | 2.0% |
| Apr-2015 | 2.3% | 2.0% |
| May-2015 | 2.3% | 2.1% |
| Jun-2015 | 2.1% | 2.0% |
| Jul-2015 | 2.1% | 2.0% |
| Aug-2015 | 2.2% | 2.1% |
| Sep-2015 | 2.3% | 2.0% |
| Oct-2015 | 2.5% | 2.4% |
| Nov-2015 | 2.4% | 2.1% |
| Dec-2015 | 2.5% | 2.5% |
| Jan-2016 | 2.5% | 2.5% |
| Feb-2016 | 2.4% | 2.4% |
| Mar-2016 | 2.4% | 2.3% |
| Apr-2016 | 2.6% | 2.6% |
| May-2016 | 2.4% | 2.3% |
| Jun-2016 | 2.6% | 2.4% |
| Jul-2016 | 2.8% | 2.6% |
| Aug-2016 | 2.5% | 2.4% |
| Sep-2016 | 2.6% | 2.6% |
| Oct-2016 | 2.8% | 2.5% |
| Nov-2016 | 2.6% | 2.4% |
| Dec-2016 | 2.7% | 2.5% |
| Jan-2017 | 2.4% | 2.3% |
| Feb-2017 | 2.7% | 2.4% |
| Mar-2017 | 2.6% | 2.3% |
| Apr-2017 | 2.5% | 2.2% |
| May-2017 | 2.5% | 2.3% |
| Jun-2017 | 2.5% | 2.3% |
| Jul-2017 | 2.6% | 2.3% |
| Aug-2017 | 2.6% | 2.4% |
| Sep-2017 | 2.8% | 2.5% |
| Oct-2017 | 2.3% | 2.2% |
| Nov-2017 | 2.4% | 2.3% |
| Dec-2017 | 2.7% | 2.5% |
| Jan-2018 | 2.8% | 2.6% |
| Feb-2018 | 2.6% | 2.7% |
| Mar-2018 | 2.9% | 2.8% |
| Apr-2018 | 2.9% | 2.7% |
| May-2018 | 2.9% | 2.9% |
| Jun-2018 | 2.9% | 2.9% |
| Jul-2018 | 2.8% | 2.8% |
| Aug-2018 | 3.1% | 3.0% |
| Sep-2018 | 3.1% | 3.0% |
| Oct-2018 | 3.3% | 3.2% |
| Nov-2018 | 3.5% | 3.5% |
| Dec-2018 | 3.6% | 3.6% |
| Jan-2019 | 3.2% | 3.4% |
| Feb-2019 | 3.6% | 3.6% |
| Mar-2019 | 3.5% | 3.6% |
| Apr-2019 | 3.1% | 3.5% |
| May-2019 | 3.3% | 3.6% |
| Jun-2019 | 3.4% | 3.5% |
| Jul-2019 | 3.4% | 3.7% |
| Aug-2019 | 3.4% | 3.7% |
| Sep-2019 | 3.1% | 3.6% |
| Oct-2019 | 3.2% | 3.7% |
| Nov-2019 | 3.3% | 3.6% |
| Dec-2019 | 2.9% | 3.2% |
| Jan-2020 | 3.0% | 3.3% |
| Feb-2020 | 3.1% | 3.5% |
| Mar-2020 | 3.6% | 3.8% |
| Apr-2020 | 8.1% | 7.8% |
| May-2020 | 6.7% | 6.8% |
| Jun-2020 | 5.1% | 5.7% |
| Jul-2020 | 4.9% | 4.8% |
| Aug-2020 | 4.8% | 5.0% |
| Sep-2020 | 4.8% | 4.8% |
| Oct-2020 | 4.6% | 4.6% |
| Nov-2020 | 4.6% | 4.7% |
| Dec-2020 | 5.5% | 5.5% |
| Jan-2021 | 5.2% | 5.3% |
| Feb-2021 | 5.3% | 5.1% |
| Mar-2021 | 4.3% | 4.8% |
| Apr-2021 | 0.6% | 1.5% |
| May-2021 | 2.2% | 2.8% |
| Jun-2021 | 3.9% | 4.2% |
| Jul-2021 | 4.3% | 5.1% |
| Aug-2021 | 4.4% | 5.3% |
| Sep-2021 | 4.9% | 6.0% |
| Oct-2021 | 5.4% | 6.4% |
| Nov-2021 | 5.4% | 6.5% |
| Dec-2021 | 5.0% | 6.4% |
| Jan-2022 | 5.7% | 6.8% |
| Feb-2022 | 5.3% | 6.8% |
| Mar-2022 | 5.9% | 7.0% |
| Apr-2022 | 5.8% | 6.9% |
| May-2022 | 5.5% | 6.7% |
| Jun-2022 | 5.4% | 6.7% |
| Jul-2022 | 5.4% | 6.6% |
| Aug-2022 | 5.4% | 6.2% |
| Sep-2022 | 5.1% | 5.9% |
| Oct-2022 | 4.9% | 5.7% |
| Nov-2022 | 5.0% | 5.7% |
| Dec-2022 | 4.8% | 5.4% |
| Jan-2023 | 4.4% | 5.2% |
| Feb-2023 | 4.7% | 5.3% |
| Mar-2023 | 4.3% | 5.2% |
| Apr-2023 | 4.4% | 4.9% |
| May-2023 | 4.3% | 4.9% |
| Jun-2023 | 4.4% | 4.7% |
| Jul-2023 | 4.4% | 4.8% |
| Aug-2023 | 4.3% | 4.5% |
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Jobs day
Nominal wage growth in average hourly earnings for all workers, year over year change, three-month change annualized, and one-month change annualized
| date | Year-over-year change | Three-month change, annualized | One-month change, annualized |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan-2019 | 3.2% | 3.4% | 1.3% |
| Feb-2019 | 3.6% | 3.8% | 4.9% |
| Mar-2019 | 3.5% | 3.4% | 4.0% |
| Apr-2019 | 3.1% | 2.5% | -1.3% |
| May-2019 | 3.3% | 2.3% | 4.4% |
| Jun-2019 | 3.4% | 2.2% | 3.5% |
| Jul-2019 | 3.4% | 3.8% | 3.5% |
| Aug-2019 | 3.4% | 3.9% | 4.8% |
| Sep-2019 | 3.1% | 3.3% | 1.7% |
| Oct-2019 | 3.2% | 3.2% | 3.0% |
| Nov-2019 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 4.8% |
| Dec-2019 | 2.9% | 2.9% | 0.8% |
| Jan-2020 | 3.0% | 2.7% | 2.6% |
| Feb-2020 | 3.1% | 2.9% | 5.2% |
| Mar-2020 | 3.6% | 6.2% | 11.0% |
| Apr-2020 | 8.1% | 24.2% | 63.9% |
| May-2020 | 6.7% | 17.4% | -11.0% |
| Jun-2020 | 5.1% | 8.2% | -13.3% |
| Jul-2020 | 4.9% | -8.0% | 0.8% |
| Aug-2020 | 4.8% | -3.2% | 3.7% |
| Sep-2020 | 4.8% | 2.1% | 1.6% |
| Oct-2020 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 0.8% |
| Nov-2020 | 4.6% | 2.2% | 4.1% |
| Dec-2020 | 5.5% | 5.5% | 11.9% |
| Jan-2021 | 5.2% | 5.2% | 0.0% |
| Feb-2021 | 5.3% | 5.6% | 5.3% |
| Mar-2021 | 4.3% | 1.7% | 0.0% |
| Apr-2021 | 0.6% | 3.8% | 6.2% |
| May-2021 | 2.2% | 4.5% | 7.4% |
| Jun-2021 | 3.9% | 6.5% | 6.1% |
| Jul-2021 | 4.3% | 6.2% | 5.2% |
| Aug-2021 | 4.4% | 5.4% | 4.8% |
| Sep-2021 | 4.9% | 5.8% | 7.2% |
| Oct-2021 | 5.4% | 6.4% | 7.2% |
| Nov-2021 | 5.4% | 6.1% | 3.9% |
| Dec-2021 | 5.0% | 6.1% | 7.1% |
| Jan-2022 | 5.7% | 6.4% | 8.3% |
| Feb-2022 | 5.3% | 5.1% | 0.0% |
| Mar-2022 | 5.9% | 5.3% | 7.9% |
| Apr-2022 | 5.8% | 4.0% | 4.2% |
| May-2022 | 5.5% | 5.5% | 4.6% |
| Jun-2022 | 5.4% | 4.5% | 4.6% |
| Jul-2022 | 5.4% | 5.0% | 5.7% |
| Aug-2022 | 5.4% | 4.7% | 3.8% |
| Sep-2022 | 5.1% | 4.4% | 3.8% |
| Oct-2022 | 4.9% | 4.1% | 4.9% |
| Nov-2022 | 5.0% | 4.6% | 5.3% |
| Dec-2022 | 4.8% | 4.9% | 4.5% |
| Jan-2023 | 4.4% | 4.5% | 3.7% |
| Feb-2023 | 4.7% | 3.8% | 3.3% |
| Mar-2023 | 4.3% | 3.4% | 3.3% |
| Apr-2023 | 4.4% | 3.9% | 5.2% |
| May-2023 | 4.3% | 4.2% | 4.0% |
| Jun-2023 | 4.4% | 4.9% | 5.5% |
| Jul-2023 | 4.4% | 4.9% | 5.1% |
| Aug-2023 | 4.3% | 4.5% | 2.9% |
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics public data series
Current Population Survey Charts
The Current Population Survey (CPS), also known as the household survey, is sponsored jointly by the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Each month, it provides data on the labor force, employment, unemployment, persons not in the labor force, hours of work, earnings, and other demographic and labor force characteristics.
Jobs Day
Employment-to-population ratio of workers ages 25–54, 1989–2023
| Date | Employment to population ratio |
|---|---|
| Jan-1989 | 80.0% |
| Feb-1989 | 79.9% |
| Mar-1989 | 79.9% |
| Apr-1989 | 79.8% |
| May-1989 | 79.8% |
| Jun-1989 | 79.8% |
| Jul-1989 | 79.8% |
| Aug-1989 | 79.9% |
| Sep-1989 | 80.0% |
| Oct-1989 | 79.9% |
| Nov-1989 | 80.2% |
| Dec-1989 | 80.1% |
| Jan-1990 | 80.2% |
| Feb-1990 | 80.2% |
| Mar-1990 | 80.1% |
| Apr-1990 | 79.9% |
| May-1990 | 79.9% |
| Jun-1990 | 79.8% |
| Jul-1990 | 79.6% |
| Aug-1990 | 79.5% |
| Sep-1990 | 79.4% |
| Oct-1990 | 79.4% |
| Nov-1990 | 79.2% |
| Dec-1990 | 79.0% |
| Jan-1991 | 78.9% |
| Feb-1991 | 78.9% |
| Mar-1991 | 78.7% |
| Apr-1991 | 79.0% |
| May-1991 | 78.6% |
| Jun-1991 | 78.7% |
| Jul-1991 | 78.6% |
| Aug-1991 | 78.5% |
| Sep-1991 | 78.6% |
| Oct-1991 | 78.5% |
| Nov-1991 | 78.4% |
| Dec-1991 | 78.3% |
| Jan-1992 | 78.4% |
| Feb-1992 | 78.2% |
| Mar-1992 | 78.2% |
| Apr-1992 | 78.4% |
| May-1992 | 78.4% |
| Jun-1992 | 78.5% |
| Jul-1992 | 78.4% |
| Aug-1992 | 78.4% |
| Sep-1992 | 78.3% |
| Oct-1992 | 78.2% |
| Nov-1992 | 78.2% |
| Dec-1992 | 78.2% |
| Jan-1993 | 78.2% |
| Feb-1993 | 78.1% |
| Mar-1993 | 78.2% |
| Apr-1993 | 78.2% |
| May-1993 | 78.5% |
| Jun-1993 | 78.6% |
| Jul-1993 | 78.6% |
| Aug-1993 | 78.8% |
| Sep-1993 | 78.6% |
| Oct-1993 | 78.7% |
| Nov-1993 | 79.0% |
| Dec-1993 | 79.0% |
| Jan-1994 | 78.9% |
| Feb-1994 | 78.9% |
| Mar-1994 | 78.9% |
| Apr-1994 | 79.0% |
| May-1994 | 79.2% |
| Jun-1994 | 78.8% |
| Jul-1994 | 79.1% |
| Aug-1994 | 79.2% |
| Sep-1994 | 79.6% |
| Oct-1994 | 79.6% |
| Nov-1994 | 79.8% |
| Dec-1994 | 79.8% |
| Jan-1995 | 79.7% |
| Feb-1995 | 80.0% |
| Mar-1995 | 79.9% |
| Apr-1995 | 79.8% |
| May-1995 | 79.7% |
| Jun-1995 | 79.5% |
| Jul-1995 | 79.7% |
| Aug-1995 | 79.6% |
| Sep-1995 | 79.8% |
| Oct-1995 | 79.8% |
| Nov-1995 | 79.7% |
| Dec-1995 | 79.7% |
| Jan-1996 | 79.8% |
| Feb-1996 | 79.9% |
| Mar-1996 | 79.9% |
| Apr-1996 | 79.9% |
| May-1996 | 80.0% |
| Jun-1996 | 80.1% |
| Jul-1996 | 80.4% |
| Aug-1996 | 80.5% |
| Sep-1996 | 80.4% |
| Oct-1996 | 80.6% |
| Nov-1996 | 80.5% |
| Dec-1996 | 80.5% |
| Jan-1997 | 80.5% |
| Feb-1997 | 80.4% |
| Mar-1997 | 80.6% |
| Apr-1997 | 80.7% |
| May-1997 | 80.6% |
| Jun-1997 | 80.9% |
| Jul-1997 | 81.1% |
| Aug-1997 | 81.3% |
| Sep-1997 | 81.1% |
| Oct-1997 | 81.1% |
| Nov-1997 | 81.0% |
| Dec-1997 | 81.0% |
| Jan-1998 | 81.0% |
| Feb-1998 | 81.0% |
| Mar-1998 | 81.0% |
| Apr-1998 | 81.1% |
| May-1998 | 81.0% |
| Jun-1998 | 81.0% |
| Jul-1998 | 81.1% |
| Aug-1998 | 81.2% |
| Sep-1998 | 81.3% |
| Oct-1998 | 81.1% |
| Nov-1998 | 81.2% |
| Dec-1998 | 81.3% |
| Jan-1999 | 81.8% |
| Feb-1999 | 81.5% |
| Mar-1999 | 81.3% |
| Apr-1999 | 81.3% |
| May-1999 | 81.4% |
| Jun-1999 | 81.4% |
| Jul-1999 | 81.2% |
| Aug-1999 | 81.3% |
| Sep-1999 | 81.3% |
| Oct-1999 | 81.5% |
| Nov-1999 | 81.6% |
| Dec-1999 | 81.5% |
| Jan-2000 | 81.8% |
| Feb-2000 | 81.8% |
| Mar-2000 | 81.7% |
| Apr-2000 | 81.9% |
| May-2000 | 81.5% |
| Jun-2000 | 81.5% |
| Jul-2000 | 81.3% |
| Aug-2000 | 81.1% |
| Sep-2000 | 81.1% |
| Oct-2000 | 81.1% |
| Nov-2000 | 81.3% |
| Dec-2000 | 81.4% |
| Jan-2001 | 81.4% |
| Feb-2001 | 81.3% |
| Mar-2001 | 81.3% |
| Apr-2001 | 80.9% |
| May-2001 | 80.8% |
| Jun-2001 | 80.6% |
| Jul-2001 | 80.5% |
| Aug-2001 | 80.2% |
| Sep-2001 | 80.2% |
| Oct-2001 | 79.9% |
| Nov-2001 | 79.7% |
| Dec-2001 | 79.8% |
| Jan-2002 | 79.6% |
| Feb-2002 | 79.8% |
| Mar-2002 | 79.6% |
| Apr-2002 | 79.5% |
| May-2002 | 79.4% |
| Jun-2002 | 79.2% |
| Jul-2002 | 79.1% |
| Aug-2002 | 79.3% |
| Sep-2002 | 79.4% |
| Oct-2002 | 79.2% |
| Nov-2002 | 78.8% |
| Dec-2002 | 79.0% |
| Jan-2003 | 78.9% |
| Feb-2003 | 78.9% |
| Mar-2003 | 79.0% |
| Apr-2003 | 79.1% |
| May-2003 | 78.9% |
| Jun-2003 | 78.9% |
| Jul-2003 | 78.8% |
| Aug-2003 | 78.7% |
| Sep-2003 | 78.6% |
| Oct-2003 | 78.6% |
| Nov-2003 | 78.7% |
| Dec-2003 | 78.8% |
| Jan-2004 | 78.9% |
| Feb-2004 | 78.8% |
| Mar-2004 | 78.7% |
| Apr-2004 | 78.9% |
| May-2004 | 79.0% |
| Jun-2004 | 79.1% |
| Jul-2004 | 79.2% |
| Aug-2004 | 79.0% |
| Sep-2004 | 79.0% |
| Oct-2004 | 79.0% |
| Nov-2004 | 79.1% |
| Dec-2004 | 78.9% |
| Jan-2005 | 79.2% |
| Feb-2005 | 79.2% |
| Mar-2005 | 79.2% |
| Apr-2005 | 79.4% |
| May-2005 | 79.5% |
| Jun-2005 | 79.2% |
| Jul-2005 | 79.4% |
| Aug-2005 | 79.6% |
| Sep-2005 | 79.4% |
| Oct-2005 | 79.3% |
| Nov-2005 | 79.2% |
| Dec-2005 | 79.3% |
| Jan-2006 | 79.6% |
| Feb-2006 | 79.7% |
| Mar-2006 | 79.8% |
| Apr-2006 | 79.6% |
| May-2006 | 79.7% |
| Jun-2006 | 79.8% |
| Jul-2006 | 79.8% |
| Aug-2006 | 79.8% |
| Sep-2006 | 79.9% |
| Oct-2006 | 80.1% |
| Nov-2006 | 80.0% |
| Dec-2006 | 80.1% |
| Jan-2007 | 80.3% |
| Feb-2007 | 80.1% |
| Mar-2007 | 80.2% |
| Apr-2007 | 80.0% |
| May-2007 | 80.0% |
| Jun-2007 | 79.9% |
| Jul-2007 | 79.8% |
| Aug-2007 | 79.8% |
| Sep-2007 | 79.7% |
| Oct-2007 | 79.6% |
| Nov-2007 | 79.7% |
| Dec-2007 | 79.7% |
| Jan-2008 | 80.0% |
| Feb-2008 | 79.9% |
| Mar-2008 | 79.8% |
| Apr-2008 | 79.6% |
| May-2008 | 79.5% |
| Jun-2008 | 79.4% |
| Jul-2008 | 79.2% |
| Aug-2008 | 78.8% |
| Sep-2008 | 78.8% |
| Oct-2008 | 78.4% |
| Nov-2008 | 78.1% |
| Dec-2008 | 77.6% |
| Jan-2009 | 77.0% |
| Feb-2009 | 76.7% |
| Mar-2009 | 76.2% |
| Apr-2009 | 76.2% |
| May-2009 | 75.9% |
| Jun-2009 | 75.9% |
| Jul-2009 | 75.8% |
| Aug-2009 | 75.6% |
| Sep-2009 | 75.1% |
| Oct-2009 | 75.0% |
| Nov-2009 | 75.2% |
| Dec-2009 | 74.8% |
| Jan-2010 | 75.1% |
| Feb-2010 | 75.1% |
| Mar-2010 | 75.1% |
| Apr-2010 | 75.4% |
| May-2010 | 75.1% |
| Jun-2010 | 75.2% |
| Jul-2010 | 75.1% |
| Aug-2010 | 75.0% |
| Sep-2010 | 75.1% |
| Oct-2010 | 75.0% |
| Nov-2010 | 74.8% |
| Dec-2010 | 75.0% |
| Jan-2011 | 75.2% |
| Feb-2011 | 75.1% |
| Mar-2011 | 75.3% |
| Apr-2011 | 75.1% |
| May-2011 | 75.2% |
| Jun-2011 | 75.0% |
| Jul-2011 | 75.0% |
| Aug-2011 | 75.1% |
| Sep-2011 | 74.9% |
| Oct-2011 | 74.9% |
| Nov-2011 | 75.3% |
| Dec-2011 | 75.4% |
| Jan-2012 | 75.5% |
| Feb-2012 | 75.5% |
| Mar-2012 | 75.7% |
| Apr-2012 | 75.7% |
| May-2012 | 75.7% |
| Jun-2012 | 75.6% |
| Jul-2012 | 75.6% |
| Aug-2012 | 75.7% |
| Sep-2012 | 76.0% |
| Oct-2012 | 76.1% |
| Nov-2012 | 75.8% |
| Dec-2012 | 76.0% |
| Jan-2013 | 75.6% |
| Feb-2013 | 75.8% |
| Mar-2013 | 75.8% |
| Apr-2013 | 75.8% |
| May-2013 | 76.0% |
| Jun-2013 | 75.9% |
| Jul-2013 | 76.0% |
| Aug-2013 | 76.0% |
| Sep-2013 | 76.0% |
| Oct-2013 | 75.6% |
| Nov-2013 | 76.1% |
| Dec-2013 | 76.1% |
| Jan-2014 | 76.4% |
| Feb-2014 | 76.4% |
| Mar-2014 | 76.5% |
| Apr-2014 | 76.5% |
| May-2014 | 76.4% |
| Jun-2014 | 76.9% |
| Jul-2014 | 76.7% |
| Aug-2014 | 76.9% |
| Sep-2014 | 76.8% |
| Oct-2014 | 76.9% |
| Nov-2014 | 76.9% |
| Dec-2014 | 77.1% |
| Jan-2015 | 77.1% |
| Feb-2015 | 77.2% |
| Mar-2015 | 77.1% |
| Apr-2015 | 77.2% |
| May-2015 | 77.2% |
| Jun-2015 | 77.4% |
| Jul-2015 | 77.1% |
| Aug-2015 | 77.3% |
| Sep-2015 | 77.2% |
| Oct-2015 | 77.2% |
| Nov-2015 | 77.4% |
| Dec-2015 | 77.4% |
| Jan-2016 | 77.7% |
| Feb-2016 | 77.8% |
| Mar-2016 | 77.9% |
| Apr-2016 | 77.8% |
| May-2016 | 77.9% |
| Jun-2016 | 77.9% |
| Jul-2016 | 78.0% |
| Aug-2016 | 77.9% |
| Sep-2016 | 78.0% |
| Oct-2016 | 78.1% |
| Nov-2016 | 78.1% |
| Dec-2016 | 78.1% |
| Jan-2017 | 78.2% |
| Feb-2017 | 78.3% |
| Mar-2017 | 78.5% |
| Apr-2017 | 78.6% |
| May-2017 | 78.5% |
| Jun-2017 | 78.6% |
| Jul-2017 | 78.8% |
| Aug-2017 | 78.4% |
| Sep-2017 | 79.0% |
| Oct-2017 | 78.7% |
| Nov-2017 | 78.9% |
| Dec-2017 | 79.0% |
| Jan-2018 | 78.9% |
| Feb-2018 | 79.3% |
| Mar-2018 | 79.2% |
| Apr-2018 | 79.2% |
| May-2018 | 79.4% |
| Jun-2018 | 79.4% |
| Jul-2018 | 79.6% |
| Aug-2018 | 79.3% |
| Sep-2018 | 79.4% |
| Oct-2018 | 79.6% |
| Nov-2018 | 79.6% |
| Dec-2018 | 79.5% |
| Jan-2019 | 79.8% |
| Feb-2019 | 79.9% |
| Mar-2019 | 79.8% |
| Apr-2019 | 79.7% |
| May-2019 | 79.8% |
| Jun-2019 | 79.7% |
| Jul-2019 | 79.6% |
| Aug-2019 | 80.0% |
| Sep-2019 | 80.2% |
| Oct-2019 | 80.3% |
| Nov-2019 | 80.3% |
| Dec-2019 | 80.4% |
| Jan-2020 | 80.6% |
| Feb-2020 | 80.5% |
| Mar-2020 | 79.5% |
| Apr-2020 | 69.6% |
| May-2020 | 71.4% |
| Jun-2020 | 73.5% |
| Jul-2020 | 73.9% |
| Aug-2020 | 75.3% |
| Sep-2020 | 75.2% |
| Oct-2020 | 76.0% |
| Nov-2020 | 75.9% |
| Dec-2020 | 76.2% |
| Jan-2021 | 76.4% |
| Feb-2021 | 76.6% |
| Mar-2021 | 76.9% |
| Apr-2021 | 77.0% |
| May-2021 | 77.2% |
| Jun-2021 | 77.2% |
| Jul-2021 | 77.9% |
| Aug-2021 | 78.0% |
| Sep-2021 | 78.1% |
| Oct-2021 | 78.3% |
| Nov-2021 | 78.8% |
| Dec-2021 | 79.0% |
| Jan-2022 | 79.1% |
| Feb-2022 | 79.5% |
| Mar-2022 | 80.0% |
| Apr-2022 | 79.9% |
| May-2022 | 80.0% |
| Jun-2022 | 79.8% |
| Jul-2022 | 80.0% |
| Aug-2022 | 80.3% |
| Sep-2022 | 80.2% |
| Oct-2022 | 79.8% |
| Nov-2022 | 79.7% |
| Dec-2022 | 80.1% |
| Jan-2023 | 80.2% |
| Feb-2023 | 80.5% |
| Mar-2023 | 80.7% |
| Apr-2023 | 80.8% |
| May-2023 | 80.7% |
| Jun-2023 | 80.9% |
| Jul-2023 | 80.9% |
| Aug-2023 | 80.9% |
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.
Jobs Day
Unemployment rate of workers age 16 and older by race and ethnicity, January 2020–August 2023
| Date | White | Black | Hispanic | AAPI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan-2020 | 3.1% | 6.3% | 4.3% | 3% |
| Feb-2020 | 3% | 6% | 4.4% | 2.5% |
| Mar-2020 | 3.9% | 6.8% | 5.9% | 4.1% |
| Apr-2020 | 14.1% | 16.6% | 18.8% | 14.4% |
| May-2020 | 12.3% | 16.8% | 17.6% | 14.8% |
| Jun-2020 | 10.0% | 15.2% | 14.5% | 13.8% |
| Jul-2020 | 9.2% | 14.4% | 12.8% | 11.9% |
| Aug-2020 | 7.4% | 12.8% | 10.6% | 10.6% |
| Sep-2020 | 7.0% | 12.1% | 10.4% | 8.9% |
| Oct-2020 | 6.0% | 10.9% | 8.9% | 7.6% |
| Nov-2020 | 6.0% | 10.4% | 8.6% | 6.8% |
| Dec-2020 | 6.1% | 10.0% | 9.4% | 6.1% |
| Jan-2021 | 5.7% | 9.2% | 8.6% | 6.6% |
| Feb-2021 | 5.5% | 9.8% | 8.4% | 5.1% |
| Mar-2021 | 5.3% | 9.5% | 7.7% | 5.9% |
| Apr-2021 | 5.3% | 9.7% | 7.7% | 5.7% |
| May-2021 | 5.1% | 9.1% | 7.1% | 5.5% |
| Jun-2021 | 5.3% | 9.2% | 7.2% | 5.7% |
| Jul-2021 | 4.8% | 8.2% | 6.4% | 5.2% |
| Aug-2021 | 4.5% | 8.7% | 6.2% | 4.5% |
| Sep-2021 | 4.2% | 7.8% | 6.1% | 4.2% |
| Oct-2021 | 3.9% | 7.8% | 5.7% | 4.2% |
| Nov-2021 | 3.7% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 3.9% |
| Dec-2021 | 3.2% | 7.1% | 4.9% | 3.8% |
| Jan-2022 | 3.4% | 6.9% | 4.9% | 3.6% |
| Feb-2022 | 3.3% | 6.6% | 4.4% | 3.1% |
| Mar-2022 | 3.2% | 6.2% | 4.2% | 2.8% |
| Apr-2022 | 3.2% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 3.1% |
| May-2022 | 3.2% | 6.2% | 4.3% | 2.4% |
| Jun-2022 | 3.3% | 5.8% | 4.3% | 3% |
| Jul-2022 | 3.1% | 5.8% | 3.9% | 2.6% |
| Aug-2022 | 3.2% | 6.4% | 4.5% | 2.8% |
| Sep-2022 | 3.1% | 5.9% | 3.9% | 2.5% |
| Oct-2022 | 3.3% | 5.9% | 4.2% | 2.9% |
| Nov-2022 | 3.3% | 5.7% | 4% | 2.6% |
| Dec-2022 | 3% | 5.7% | 4.1% | 2.4% |
| Jan-2023 | 3.1% | 5.4% | 4.5% | 2.8% |
| Feb-2023 | 3.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.4% |
| Mar-2023 | 3.2% | 5.0% | 4.6% | 2.8% |
| Apr-2023 | 3.1% | 4.7% | 4.4% | 2.8% |
| May-2023 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 4 | 2.9 |
| Jun-2023 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 3.2 |
| Jul-2023 | 3.1 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 2.3 |
| Aug-2023 | 3.4 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.1 |
Note: AAPI refers to Asian American and Pacific Islander. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.
Jobs Day
Employment-to-population ratios for workers age 16 and older by race and ethnicity, January 2020–August 2023
| White | Black | Hispanic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan-2020 | 61.3% | 58.9% | 64.9% |
| Feb-2020 | 61.3 | 59.3 | 65 |
| Mar-2020 | 60.1 | 57.6 | 62.9 |
| Apr-2020 | 51.7 | 48.7 | 51.4 |
| May-2020 | 53.5 | 49.6 | 52.9 |
| Jun-2020 | 55.5 | 50.8 | 56 |
| Jul-2020 | 55.8 | 51.5 | 56.4 |
| Aug-2020 | 57.2 | 52.5 | 58.4 |
| Sep-2020 | 57.3 | 52.6 | 58.2 |
| Oct-2020 | 58.1 | 53.7 | 59.8 |
| Nov-2020 | 57.9 | 54.1 | 59.8 |
| Dec-2020 | 57.9 | 54.0 | 59.3 |
| Jan-2021 | 57.8 | 54.7 | 59.4 |
| Feb-2021 | 57.9 | 54.2 | 59.8 |
| Mar-2021 | 58.1 | 54.9 | 60.3 |
| Apr-2021 | 58.2 | 55.2 | 60.1 |
| May-2021 | 58.3 | 55.4 | 60.4 |
| Jun-2021 | 58.2 | 55.9 | 60.6 |
| Jul-2021 | 58.6 | 55.8 | 61.5 |
| Aug-2021 | 58.7 | 56.2 | 61.5 |
| Sep-2021 | 58.9 | 56.5 | 61.6 |
| Oct-2021 | 59.1 | 56.3 | 62 |
| Nov-2021 | 59.5 | 56.8 | 63 |
| Dec-2021 | 59.7 | 56.6 | 62.8 |
| Jan-2022 | 59.9 | 57.7 | 63.2 |
| Feb-2022 | 60.1 | 58.1 | 63.6 |
| Mar-2022 | 60.2 | 58.2 | 63.7 |
| Apr-2022 | 59.9 | 58.6 | 63.4 |
| May-2022 | 59.9 | 59.1 | 63.6 |
| Jun-2022 | 59.9 | 58.5 | 63.7 |
| Jul-2022 | 60.0 | 58.3 | 63.1 |
| Aug-2022 | 60.1 | 57.9 | 63.8 |
| Sep-2022 | 60.1 | 58.5 | 63.5 |
| Oct-2022 | 60.0 | 58.4 | 63.3 |
| Nov-2022 | 59.8 | 58.8 | 63.1 |
| Dec-2022 | 60.2 | 58.9 | 63.5 |
| Jan-2023 | 60.2 | 59.5 | 63.3 |
| Feb-2023 | 60.1 | 59.8 | 63.2 |
| Mar-2023 | 60.2 | 60.9 | 63.7 |
| Apr-2023 | 60.3 | 60.0 | 63.8 |
| May-2023 | 60.2 | 59.6 | 64.2 |
| Jun-2023 | 60.4 | 58.9 | 64.4 |
| Jul-2023 | 60.3 | 59.1 | 64.4 |
| Aug-2023 | 60.4 | 59.3 | 63.8 |
Note: Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.
A more comprehensive look at unemployment rates: Unemployment rates for select workers by race/ethnicity and gender, February 2020, April 2020, July 2023, and August 2023
| characteristic | February 2020 | April 2020 | July 2023 | August 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White men | 2.8% | 12.3% | 3.0% | 3.4% |
| White women | 2.7% | 15.0% | 2.7% | 2.9% |
| Black men | 6.1% | 16.0% | 5.3% | 5.0% |
| Black women | 4.8% | 16.4% | 5.2% | 4.7% |
| Latinx men | 3.1% | 16.5% | 4.0% | 4.3% |
| Latinx women | 4.9% | 20.1% | 4.0% | 4.4% |
Notes: Data are for workers ages 20 and older. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Unemployment levels are labeled for February, November, and the peak in between.
A more comprehensive look at employment: Employment-to-population ratios for select workers by race/ethnicity and gender, February 2020, April 2020, July 2023, and August 2023
| characteristic | February 2020 | April 2020 | July 2023 | August 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White men | 69.70% | 60.50% | 68.0% | 67.9% |
| White women | 56.60% | 47.10% | 56.2% | 56.3% |
| Black men | 63.80% | 53.20% | 64.7% | 64.9% |
| Black women | 60.80% | 49.60% | 59.7% | 59.7% |
| Latinx men | 78.40% | 64.30% | 76.8% | 75.9% |
| Latinx women | 59.10% | 45.20% | 59.1% | 59.0% |
Notes: Data are for workers ages 20 and older. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Employment to population levels are labeled for February, April, and the trough in between.
Figure
Unemployment rate for young workers, 16–24 years old, and workers 25+, 1979–2023
| Ages 16–24 | Ages 25+ | |
|---|---|---|
| 1979-01-01 | 11.6% | 4.0% |
| 1979-02-01 | 11.7 | 4.0 |
| 1979-03-01 | 11.6 | 4.0 |
| 1979-04-01 | 11.6 | 4.0 |
| 1979-05-01 | 11.6 | 3.7 |
| 1979-06-01 | 11.5 | 3.8 |
| 1979-07-01 | 11.6 | 3.8 |
| 1979-08-01 | 12.2 | 4.1 |
| 1979-09-01 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| 1979-10-01 | 12.1 | 4.0 |
| 1979-11-01 | 11.6 | 4.1 |
| 1979-12-01 | 12.4 | 3.9 |
| 1980-01-01 | 12.6 | 4.3 |
| 1980-02-01 | 12.5 | 4.3 |
| 1980-03-01 | 12.3 | 4.5 |
| 1980-04-01 | 13.1 | 5.0 |
| 1980-05-01 | 14.7 | 5.2 |
| 1980-06-01 | 14.7 | 5.4 |
| 1980-07-01 | 14.9 | 5.6 |
| 1980-08-01 | 14.7 | 5.6 |
| 1980-09-01 | 14.3 | 5.4 |
| 1980-10-01 | 14.5 | 5.4 |
| 1980-11-01 | 14.4 | 5.3 |
| 1980-12-01 | 13.7 | 5.2 |
| 1981-01-01 | 14.5 | 5.3 |
| 1981-02-01 | 14.6 | 5.3 |
| 1981-03-01 | 14.5 | 5.2 |
| 1981-04-01 | 14.5 | 5.0 |
| 1981-05-01 | 15.1 | 5.2 |
| 1981-06-01 | 14.9 | 5.3 |
| 1981-07-01 | 14.1 | 5.2 |
| 1981-08-01 | 14.5 | 5.2 |
| 1981-09-01 | 14.9 | 5.4 |
| 1981-10-01 | 15.3 | 5.7 |
| 1981-11-01 | 15.9 | 6.0 |
| 1981-12-01 | 16.1 | 6.3 |
| 1982-01-01 | 16.5 | 6.3 |
| 1982-02-01 | 17.0 | 6.5 |
| 1982-03-01 | 16.9 | 6.8 |
| 1982-04-01 | 17.4 | 7.0 |
| 1982-05-01 | 17.3 | 7.1 |
| 1982-06-01 | 17.5 | 7.3 |
| 1982-07-01 | 18.0 | 7.5 |
| 1982-08-01 | 18.1 | 7.4 |
| 1982-09-01 | 18.2 | 7.9 |
| 1982-10-01 | 18.5 | 8.1 |
| 1982-11-01 | 19.0 | 8.4 |
| 1982-12-01 | 18.9 | 8.6 |
| 1983-01-01 | 18.5 | 8.1 |
| 1983-02-01 | 18.4 | 8.2 |
| 1983-03-01 | 18.2 | 8.1 |
| 1983-04-01 | 18.0 | 8.0 |
| 1983-05-01 | 17.7 | 8.0 |
| 1983-06-01 | 17.8 | 7.9 |
| 1983-07-01 | 16.8 | 7.3 |
| 1983-08-01 | 17.3 | 7.3 |
| 1983-09-01 | 16.4 | 7.2 |
| 1983-10-01 | 16.2 | 6.8 |
| 1983-11-01 | 15.4 | 6.6 |
| 1983-12-01 | 14.9 | 6.6 |
| 1984-01-01 | 14.8 | 6.2 |
| 1984-02-01 | 14.3 | 6.1 |
| 1984-03-01 | 14.4 | 5.9 |
| 1984-04-01 | 14.5 | 6.0 |
| 1984-05-01 | 13.6 | 5.7 |
| 1984-06-01 | 13.2 | 5.6 |
| 1984-07-01 | 13.7 | 5.8 |
| 1984-08-01 | 14.1 | 5.7 |
| 1984-09-01 | 14.0 | 5.6 |
| 1984-10-01 | 13.6 | 5.7 |
| 1984-11-01 | 13.2 | 5.6 |
| 1984-12-01 | 13.7 | 5.6 |
| 1985-01-01 | 13.6 | 5.7 |
| 1985-02-01 | 13.6 | 5.6 |
| 1985-03-01 | 13.6 | 5.6 |
| 1985-04-01 | 13.2 | 5.8 |
| 1985-05-01 | 13.6 | 5.5 |
| 1985-06-01 | 13.5 | 5.8 |
| 1985-07-01 | 14.2 | 5.6 |
| 1985-08-01 | 13.3 | 5.6 |
| 1985-09-01 | 13.3 | 5.6 |
| 1985-10-01 | 14.1 | 5.4 |
| 1985-11-01 | 13.5 | 5.3 |
| 1985-12-01 | 13.5 | 5.4 |
| 1986-01-01 | 13.0 | 5.1 |
| 1986-02-01 | 13.6 | 5.6 |
| 1986-03-01 | 13.2 | 5.6 |
| 1986-04-01 | 13.7 | 5.5 |
| 1986-05-01 | 13.7 | 5.5 |
| 1986-06-01 | 13.5 | 5.6 |
| 1986-07-01 | 13.3 | 5.5 |
| 1986-08-01 | 13.1 | 5.4 |
| 1986-09-01 | 13.6 | 5.4 |
| 1986-10-01 | 13.0 | 5.5 |
| 1986-11-01 | 12.8 | 5.4 |
| 1986-12-01 | 13.0 | 5.1 |
| 1987-01-01 | 13.0 | 5.1 |
| 1987-02-01 | 13.1 | 5.0 |
| 1987-03-01 | 12.8 | 5.1 |
| 1987-04-01 | 12.6 | 4.9 |
| 1987-05-01 | 12.5 | 4.8 |
| 1987-06-01 | 12.3 | 4.7 |
| 1987-07-01 | 11.8 | 4.7 |
| 1987-08-01 | 11.7 | 4.7 |
| 1987-09-01 | 11.8 | 4.6 |
| 1987-10-01 | 11.8 | 4.6 |
| 1987-11-01 | 11.5 | 4.5 |
| 1987-12-01 | 11.2 | 4.5 |
| 1988-01-01 | 11.5 | 4.4 |
| 1988-02-01 | 11.3 | 4.4 |
| 1988-03-01 | 11.8 | 4.3 |
| 1988-04-01 | 11.2 | 4.2 |
| 1988-05-01 | 11.3 | 4.3 |
| 1988-06-01 | 10.5 | 4.2 |
| 1988-07-01 | 10.8 | 4.2 |
| 1988-08-01 | 11.0 | 4.4 |
| 1988-09-01 | 10.8 | 4.2 |
| 1988-10-01 | 10.8 | 4.1 |
| 1988-11-01 | 10.5 | 4.2 |
| 1988-12-01 | 10.8 | 4.1 |
| 1989-01-01 | 11.8 | 4.1 |
| 1989-02-01 | 10.6 | 4.0 |
| 1989-03-01 | 10.1 | 3.9 |
| 1989-04-01 | 10.6 | 4.1 |
| 1989-05-01 | 10.4 | 4.0 |
| 1989-06-01 | 11.2 | 4.0 |
| 1989-07-01 | 10.6 | 4.0 |
| 1989-08-01 | 10.9 | 4.0 |
| 1989-09-01 | 11.1 | 4.1 |
| 1989-10-01 | 11.0 | 4.1 |
| 1989-11-01 | 11.3 | 4.1 |
| 1989-12-01 | 11.2 | 4.1 |
| 1990-01-01 | 10.8 | 4.1 |
| 1990-02-01 | 10.7 | 4.1 |
| 1990-03-01 | 10.6 | 4.1 |
| 1990-04-01 | 11.1 | 4.2 |
| 1990-05-01 | 10.8 | 4.2 |
| 1990-06-01 | 10.4 | 4.1 |
| 1990-07-01 | 10.7 | 4.4 |
| 1990-08-01 | 11.5 | 4.5 |
| 1990-09-01 | 11.7 | 4.6 |
| 1990-10-01 | 11.8 | 4.7 |
| 1990-11-01 | 12.0 | 4.9 |
| 1990-12-01 | 12.0 | 5.0 |
| 1991-01-01 | 12.6 | 5.0 |
| 1991-02-01 | 12.8 | 5.3 |
| 1991-03-01 | 13.1 | 5.5 |
| 1991-04-01 | 12.7 | 5.4 |
| 1991-05-01 | 13.6 | 5.5 |
| 1991-06-01 | 13.6 | 5.5 |
| 1991-07-01 | 13.8 | 5.4 |
| 1991-08-01 | 13.5 | 5.5 |
| 1991-09-01 | 13.4 | 5.5 |
| 1991-10-01 | 13.9 | 5.6 |
| 1991-11-01 | 13.8 | 5.7 |
| 1991-12-01 | 14.6 | 5.8 |
| 1992-01-01 | 13.9 | 5.9 |
| 1992-02-01 | 14.2 | 6.0 |
| 1992-03-01 | 14.1 | 6.1 |
| 1992-04-01 | 13.6 | 6.1 |
| 1992-05-01 | 14.4 | 6.3 |
| 1992-06-01 | 15.2 | 6.3 |
| 1992-07-01 | 14.5 | 6.3 |
| 1992-08-01 | 14.2 | 6.3 |
| 1992-09-01 | 14.5 | 6.2 |
| 1992-10-01 | 13.5 | 6.1 |
| 1992-11-01 | 14.3 | 6.1 |
| 1992-12-01 | 14.2 | 6.1 |
| 1993-01-01 | 14.0 | 5.8 |
| 1993-02-01 | 14.1 | 5.7 |
| 1993-03-01 | 13.6 | 5.7 |
| 1993-04-01 | 13.8 | 5.7 |
| 1993-05-01 | 14.2 | 5.6 |
| 1993-06-01 | 13.7 | 5.7 |
| 1993-07-01 | 13.1 | 5.7 |
| 1993-08-01 | 13.0 | 5.5 |
| 1993-09-01 | 12.6 | 5.6 |
| 1993-10-01 | 13.0 | 5.6 |
| 1993-11-01 | 12.9 | 5.4 |
| 1993-12-01 | 12.5 | 5.4 |
| 1994-01-01 | 13.4 | 5.2 |
| 1994-02-01 | 12.9 | 5.3 |
| 1994-03-01 | 13.1 | 5.2 |
| 1994-04-01 | 13.3 | 5.0 |
| 1994-05-01 | 12.5 | 4.8 |
| 1994-06-01 | 12.4 | 4.8 |
| 1994-07-01 | 12.4 | 4.8 |
| 1994-08-01 | 12.5 | 4.8 |
| 1994-09-01 | 12.1 | 4.7 |
| 1994-10-01 | 12.0 | 4.6 |
| 1994-11-01 | 11.4 | 4.5 |
| 1994-12-01 | 11.5 | 4.3 |
| 1995-01-01 | 11.4 | 4.4 |
| 1995-02-01 | 11.7 | 4.2 |
| 1995-03-01 | 11.6 | 4.2 |
| 1995-04-01 | 12.0 | 4.5 |
| 1995-05-01 | 11.9 | 4.5 |
| 1995-06-01 | 12.0 | 4.4 |
| 1995-07-01 | 12.5 | 4.4 |
| 1995-08-01 | 12.5 | 4.4 |
| 1995-09-01 | 12.7 | 4.3 |
| 1995-10-01 | 12.4 | 4.2 |
| 1995-11-01 | 12.0 | 4.4 |
| 1995-12-01 | 12.4 | 4.3 |
| 1996-01-01 | 12.8 | 4.3 |
| 1996-02-01 | 12.2 | 4.2 |
| 1996-03-01 | 12.2 | 4.2 |
| 1996-04-01 | 12.0 | 4.3 |
| 1996-05-01 | 12.2 | 4.3 |
| 1996-06-01 | 11.8 | 4.1 |
| 1996-07-01 | 12.4 | 4.2 |
| 1996-08-01 | 11.6 | 4.0 |
| 1996-09-01 | 11.4 | 4.0 |
| 1996-10-01 | 11.6 | 4.0 |
| 1996-11-01 | 11.9 | 4.1 |
| 1996-12-01 | 11.8 | 4.1 |
| 1997-01-01 | 12.2 | 4.0 |
| 1997-02-01 | 11.8 | 4.0 |
| 1997-03-01 | 11.7 | 3.9 |
| 1997-04-01 | 11.6 | 3.8 |
| 1997-05-01 | 11.1 | 3.8 |
| 1997-06-01 | 11.4 | 3.8 |
| 1997-07-01 | 11.2 | 3.7 |
| 1997-08-01 | 11.1 | 3.7 |
| 1997-09-01 | 11.2 | 3.7 |
| 1997-10-01 | 11.0 | 3.5 |
| 1997-11-01 | 10.8 | 3.4 |
| 1997-12-01 | 10.5 | 3.6 |
| 1998-01-01 | 10.9 | 3.5 |
| 1998-02-01 | 10.6 | 3.5 |
| 1998-03-01 | 10.5 | 3.6 |
| 1998-04-01 | 9.7 | 3.4 |
| 1998-05-01 | 10.3 | 3.3 |
| 1998-06-01 | 10.6 | 3.4 |
| 1998-07-01 | 10.6 | 3.4 |
| 1998-08-01 | 10.8 | 3.3 |
| 1998-09-01 | 11.0 | 3.4 |
| 1998-10-01 | 10.5 | 3.4 |
| 1998-11-01 | 9.8 | 3.3 |
| 1998-12-01 | 9.6 | 3.3 |
| 1999-01-01 | 10.2 | 3.2 |
| 1999-02-01 | 10.1 | 3.3 |
| 1999-03-01 | 9.9 | 3.1 |
| 1999-04-01 | 10.0 | 3.3 |
| 1999-05-01 | 9.6 | 3.1 |
| 1999-06-01 | 10.0 | 3.2 |
| 1999-07-01 | 9.9 | 3.2 |
| 1999-08-01 | 9.6 | 3.2 |
| 1999-09-01 | 10.2 | 3.1 |
| 1999-10-01 | 10.0 | 3.0 |
| 1999-11-01 | 9.9 | 3.0 |
| 1999-12-01 | 9.6 | 2.9 |
| 2000-01-01 | 9.4 | 3.0 |
| 2000-02-01 | 9.9 | 3.0 |
| 2000-03-01 | 9.6 | 3.0 |
| 2000-04-01 | 9.2 | 2.9 |
| 2000-05-01 | 9.8 | 3.0 |
| 2000-06-01 | 9.3 | 3.0 |
| 2000-07-01 | 9.3 | 3.0 |
| 2000-08-01 | 9.3 | 3.1 |
| 2000-09-01 | 8.9 | 3.0 |
| 2000-10-01 | 8.9 | 2.9 |
| 2000-11-01 | 9.1 | 3.0 |
| 2000-12-01 | 9.2 | 2.9 |
| 2001-01-01 | 9.6 | 3.2 |
| 2001-02-01 | 9.6 | 3.2 |
| 2001-03-01 | 9.8 | 3.2 |
| 2001-04-01 | 10.2 | 3.3 |
| 2001-05-01 | 9.9 | 3.3 |
| 2001-06-01 | 10.4 | 3.5 |
| 2001-07-01 | 10.2 | 3.5 |
| 2001-08-01 | 11.2 | 3.8 |
| 2001-09-01 | 10.8 | 3.9 |
| 2001-10-01 | 11.5 | 4.2 |
| 2001-11-01 | 11.6 | 4.4 |
| 2001-12-01 | 12.2 | 4.5 |
| 2002-01-01 | 12.1 | 4.5 |
| 2002-02-01 | 11.8 | 4.5 |
| 2002-03-01 | 12.5 | 4.5 |
| 2002-04-01 | 12.3 | 4.8 |
| 2002-05-01 | 11.6 | 4.8 |
| 2002-06-01 | 11.8 | 4.7 |
| 2002-07-01 | 12.1 | 4.6 |
| 2002-08-01 | 12.0 | 4.6 |
| 2002-09-01 | 11.7 | 4.5 |
| 2002-10-01 | 11.8 | 4.6 |
| 2002-11-01 | 12.1 | 4.7 |
| 2002-12-01 | 12.1 | 4.8 |
| 2003-01-01 | 12.0 | 4.7 |
| 2003-02-01 | 12.1 | 4.8 |
| 2003-03-01 | 12.0 | 4.8 |
| 2003-04-01 | 12.6 | 4.9 |
| 2003-05-01 | 12.9 | 4.9 |
| 2003-06-01 | 13.2 | 5.1 |
| 2003-07-01 | 13.0 | 4.9 |
| 2003-08-01 | 12.3 | 5.0 |
| 2003-09-01 | 12.8 | 4.9 |
| 2003-10-01 | 12.2 | 4.9 |
| 2003-11-01 | 12.1 | 4.8 |
| 2003-12-01 | 11.7 | 4.6 |
| 2004-01-01 | 12.0 | 4.6 |
| 2004-02-01 | 11.7 | 4.5 |
| 2004-03-01 | 12.0 | 4.7 |
| 2004-04-01 | 11.6 | 4.5 |
| 2004-05-01 | 12.1 | 4.4 |
| 2004-06-01 | 12.0 | 4.5 |
| 2004-07-01 | 12.1 | 4.4 |
| 2004-08-01 | 11.5 | 4.3 |
| 2004-09-01 | 11.7 | 4.3 |
| 2004-10-01 | 12.1 | 4.2 |
| 2004-11-01 | 11.5 | 4.3 |
| 2004-12-01 | 11.7 | 4.2 |
| 2005-01-01 | 11.6 | 4.1 |
| 2005-02-01 | 12.4 | 4.2 |
| 2005-03-01 | 11.8 | 4.0 |
| 2005-04-01 | 11.8 | 4.0 |
| 2005-05-01 | 11.7 | 3.9 |
| 2005-06-01 | 11.1 | 4.0 |
| 2005-07-01 | 10.7 | 4.0 |
| 2005-08-01 | 11.1 | 3.8 |
| 2005-09-01 | 10.8 | 4.1 |
| 2005-10-01 | 10.8 | 3.9 |
| 2005-11-01 | 11.1 | 4.0 |
| 2005-12-01 | 10.5 | 3.9 |
| 2006-01-01 | 10.4 | 3.7 |
| 2006-02-01 | 10.8 | 3.7 |
| 2006-03-01 | 10.5 | 3.6 |
| 2006-04-01 | 10.3 | 3.7 |
| 2006-05-01 | 10.0 | 3.7 |
| 2006-06-01 | 10.4 | 3.6 |
| 2006-07-01 | 10.9 | 3.7 |
| 2006-08-01 | 10.7 | 3.6 |
| 2006-09-01 | 10.6 | 3.5 |
| 2006-10-01 | 10.6 | 3.3 |
| 2006-11-01 | 10.6 | 3.5 |
| 2006-12-01 | 10.0 | 3.5 |
| 2007-01-01 | 10.3 | 3.7 |
| 2007-02-01 | 9.9 | 3.6 |
| 2007-03-01 | 10.0 | 3.4 |
| 2007-04-01 | 10.3 | 3.5 |
| 2007-05-01 | 9.9 | 3.5 |
| 2007-06-01 | 10.6 | 3.5 |
| 2007-07-01 | 10.5 | 3.7 |
| 2007-08-01 | 10.7 | 3.6 |
| 2007-09-01 | 11.2 | 3.6 |
| 2007-10-01 | 10.7 | 3.7 |
| 2007-11-01 | 10.8 | 3.7 |
| 2007-12-01 | 11.7 | 3.8 |
| 2008-01-01 | 11.7 | 3.8 |
| 2008-02-01 | 11.4 | 3.8 |
| 2008-03-01 | 11.4 | 4.0 |
| 2008-04-01 | 11.0 | 4.0 |
| 2008-05-01 | 13.0 | 4.1 |
| 2008-06-01 | 12.9 | 4.3 |
| 2008-07-01 | 13.5 | 4.5 |
| 2008-08-01 | 13.1 | 4.9 |
| 2008-09-01 | 13.5 | 4.9 |
| 2008-10-01 | 13.6 | 5.3 |
| 2008-11-01 | 14.0 | 5.6 |
| 2008-12-01 | 14.8 | 6.1 |
| 2009-01-01 | 15.0 | 6.6 |
| 2009-02-01 | 16.0 | 7.1 |
| 2009-03-01 | 16.5 | 7.4 |
| 2009-04-01 | 16.7 | 7.7 |
| 2009-05-01 | 17.6 | 8.0 |
| 2009-06-01 | 18.0 | 8.1 |
| 2009-07-01 | 17.9 | 8.1 |
| 2009-08-01 | 18.1 | 8.3 |
| 2009-09-01 | 18.4 | 8.4 |
| 2009-10-01 | 19.1 | 8.6 |
| 2009-11-01 | 19.2 | 8.4 |
| 2009-12-01 | 18.8 | 8.4 |
| 2010-01-01 | 18.8 | 8.3 |
| 2010-02-01 | 18.7 | 8.4 |
| 2010-03-01 | 18.8 | 8.5 |
| 2010-04-01 | 19.5 | 8.4 |
| 2010-05-01 | 18.1 | 8.3 |
| 2010-06-01 | 18.2 | 8.1 |
| 2010-07-01 | 18.4 | 8.0 |
| 2010-08-01 | 17.7 | 8.2 |
| 2010-09-01 | 17.9 | 8.2 |
| 2010-10-01 | 18.7 | 8.1 |
| 2010-11-01 | 18.5 | 8.4 |
| 2010-12-01 | 17.9 | 8.0 |
| 2011-01-01 | 18.1 | 7.7 |
| 2011-02-01 | 17.7 | 7.6 |
| 2011-03-01 | 17.6 | 7.6 |
| 2011-04-01 | 17.6 | 7.7 |
| 2011-05-01 | 17.3 | 7.7 |
| 2011-06-01 | 17.1 | 7.9 |
| 2011-07-01 | 17.3 | 7.7 |
| 2011-08-01 | 17.4 | 7.7 |
| 2011-09-01 | 17.3 | 7.7 |
| 2011-10-01 | 16.7 | 7.6 |
| 2011-11-01 | 17.0 | 7.3 |
| 2011-12-01 | 16.7 | 7.2 |
| 2012-01-01 | 16.1 | 7.0 |
| 2012-02-01 | 16.5 | 7.0 |
| 2012-03-01 | 16.2 | 6.9 |
| 2012-04-01 | 16.6 | 6.8 |
| 2012-05-01 | 16.1 | 6.9 |
| 2012-06-01 | 16.2 | 7.0 |
| 2012-07-01 | 16.3 | 6.9 |
| 2012-08-01 | 16.7 | 6.7 |
| 2012-09-01 | 15.5 | 6.6 |
| 2012-10-01 | 16.0 | 6.5 |
| 2012-11-01 | 15.9 | 6.4 |
| 2012-12-01 | 16.5 | 6.5 |
| 2013-01-01 | 16.8 | 6.5 |
| 2013-02-01 | 16.3 | 6.3 |
| 2013-03-01 | 16.1 | 6.2 |
| 2013-04-01 | 16.3 | 6.2 |
| 2013-05-01 | 16.3 | 6.1 |
| 2013-06-01 | 16.0 | 6.2 |
| 2013-07-01 | 15.4 | 6.0 |
| 2013-08-01 | 15.7 | 5.9 |
| 2013-09-01 | 15.1 | 6.0 |
| 2013-10-01 | 14.8 | 6.0 |
| 2013-11-01 | 14.1 | 5.9 |
| 2013-12-01 | 13.4 | 5.6 |
| 2014-01-01 | 14.1 | 5.3 |
| 2014-02-01 | 14.5 | 5.4 |
| 2014-03-01 | 14.6 | 5.4 |
| 2014-04-01 | 13.0 | 5.2 |
| 2014-05-01 | 13.3 | 5.2 |
| 2014-06-01 | 13.1 | 5.0 |
| 2014-07-01 | 13.5 | 5.0 |
| 2014-08-01 | 13.2 | 5.0 |
| 2014-09-01 | 13.8 | 4.7 |
| 2014-10-01 | 12.6 | 4.7 |
| 2014-11-01 | 12.5 | 4.8 |
| 2014-12-01 | 12.2 | 4.5 |
| 2015-01-01 | 12.0 | 4.6 |
| 2015-02-01 | 11.8 | 4.5 |
| 2015-03-01 | 12.5 | 4.4 |
| 2015-04-01 | 11.8 | 4.5 |
| 2015-05-01 | 12.3 | 4.5 |
| 2015-06-01 | 11.9 | 4.2 |
| 2015-07-01 | 11.5 | 4.2 |
| 2015-08-01 | 11.1 | 4.1 |
| 2015-09-01 | 11.2 | 4.1 |
| 2015-10-01 | 11.0 | 4.1 |
| 2015-11-01 | 11.2 | 4.2 |
| 2015-12-01 | 11.1 | 4.0 |
| 2016-01-01 | 10.0 | 4.0 |
| 2016-02-01 | 10.5 | 4.0 |
| 2016-03-01 | 10.7 | 4.1 |
| 2016-04-01 | 11.0 | 4.1 |
| 2016-05-01 | 10.4 | 3.9 |
| 2016-06-01 | 10.5 | 4.0 |
| 2016-07-01 | 10.6 | 3.9 |
| 2016-08-01 | 10.2 | 4.1 |
| 2016-09-01 | 10.4 | 4.2 |
| 2016-10-01 | 10.6 | 4.0 |
| 2016-11-01 | 10.3 | 3.9 |
| 2016-12-01 | 10.0 | 3.9 |
| 2017-01-01 | 10.0 | 3.9 |
| 2017-02-01 | 9.8 | 3.9 |
| 2017-03-01 | 9.0 | 3.7 |
| 2017-04-01 | 9.3 | 3.6 |
| 2017-05-01 | 8.7 | 3.7 |
| 2017-06-01 | 9.1 | 3.6 |
| 2017-07-01 | 8.9 | 3.6 |
| 2017-08-01 | 8.9 | 3.7 |
| 2017-09-01 | 9.1 | 3.5 |
| 2017-10-01 | 9.2 | 3.4 |
| 2017-11-01 | 9.8 | 3.4 |
| 2017-12-01 | 9.1 | 3.4 |
| 2018-01-01 | 9.2 | 3.3 |
| 2018-02-01 | 9.0 | 3.4 |
| 2018-03-01 | 8.3 | 3.3 |
| 2018-04-01 | 8.4 | 3.3 |
| 2018-05-01 | 8.6 | 3.1 |
| 2018-06-01 | 8.8 | 3.2 |
| 2018-07-01 | 8.6 | 3.1 |
| 2018-08-01 | 8.2 | 3.1 |
| 2018-09-01 | 8.4 | 3.0 |
| 2018-10-01 | 8.5 | 3.1 |
| 2018-11-01 | 8.3 | 3.1 |
| 2018-12-01 | 8.9 | 3.2 |
| 2019-01-01 | 9.2 | 3.2 |
| 2019-02-01 | 9.1 | 3.0 |
| 2019-03-01 | 8.5 | 3.1 |
| 2019-04-01 | 8.1 | 2.9 |
| 2019-05-01 | 8.5 | 2.9 |
| 2019-06-01 | 7.9 | 3.0 |
| 2019-07-01 | 8.4 | 3.0 |
| 2019-08-01 | 8.4 | 2.9 |
| 2019-09-01 | 7.9 | 2.8 |
| 2019-10-01 | 8.0 | 2.9 |
| 2019-11-01 | 8.1 | 2.9 |
| 2019-12-01 | 8.3 | 2.9 |
| 2020-01-01 | 8.5 | 2.9 |
| 2020-02-01 | 7.9 | 2.9 |
| 2020-03-01 | 10.0 | 3.6 |
| 2020-04-01 | 27.4 | 13.0 |
| 2020-05-01 | 25.1 | 11.5 |
| 2020-06-01 | 20.4 | 9.7 |
| 2020-07-01 | 18.4 | 9.0 |
| 2020-08-01 | 14.7 | 7.5 |
| 2020-09-01 | 13.6 | 7.0 |
| 2020-10-01 | 11.8 | 6.2 |
| 2020-11-01 | 11.6 | 6.0 |
| 2020-12-01 | 12.6 | 5.9 |
| 2021-01-01 | 11.3 | 5.6 |
| 2021-02-01 | 11.0 | 5.6 |
| 2021-03-01 | 10.9 | 5.3 |
| 2021-04-01 | 10.8 | 5.3 |
| 2021-05-01 | 10.1 | 5.1 |
| 2021-06-01 | 9.7 | 5.4 |
| 2021-07-01 | 9.5 | 4.8 |
| 2021-08-01 | 9.8 | 4.5 |
| 2021-09-01 | 8.8 | 4.1 |
| 2021-10-01 | 8.5 | 3.9 |
| 2021-11-01 | 8.4 | 3.6 |
| 2021-12-01 | 8.2 | 3.3 |
| 2022-01-01 | 8.3 | 3.4 |
| 2022-02-01 | 8.3 | 3.2 |
| 2022-03-01 | 8.2 | 2.9 |
| 2022-04-01 | 7.9 | 3.0 |
| 2022-05-01 | 7.9 | 3.0 |
| 2022-06-01 | 8.1 | 3.0 |
| 2022-07-01 | 7.9 | 2.8 |
| 2022-08-01 | 8.0 | 3.0 |
| 2022-09-01 | 8.3 | 2.8 |
| 2022-10-01 | 8.1 | 3.0 |
| 2022-11-01 | 8.2 | 3.0 |
| 2022-12-01 | 8.2 | 2.8 |
| 2023-01-01 | 8.0 | 2.8 |
| 2023-02-01 | 8.1 | 2.9 |
| 2023-03-01 | 7.5 | 2.9 |
| 2023-04-01 | 6.5 | 2.9 |
| 2023-05-01 | 7.4 | 3.0 |
| 2023-06-01 | 7.5 | 3.0 |
| 2023-07-01 | 8.0 | 2.8 |
| 2023-08-01 | 8.6 | 3.0 |
Notes: Shaded areas represent recessions.
Source: Authors' analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey public data.
Jobs Day
Share of newly employed workers who said that they were not actively searching for work in the previous month
| Date | Share of newly employed workers who said that they were not actively searching for work in the previous month |
|---|---|
| Apr-1990 | 61.9% |
| May-1990 | 62.6% |
| Jun-1990 | 62.0% |
| Jul-1990 | 62.0% |
| Aug-1990 | 61.6% |
| Sep-1990 | 62.3% |
| Oct-1990 | 61.0% |
| Nov-1990 | 61.2% |
| Dec-1990 | 60.4% |
| Jan-1991 | 59.9% |
| Feb-1991 | 59.0% |
| Mar-1991 | 58.5% |
| Apr-1991 | 57.7% |
| May-1991 | 57.6% |
| Jun-1991 | 57.2% |
| Jul-1991 | 58.0% |
| Aug-1991 | 57.8% |
| Sep-1991 | 57.7% |
| Oct-1991 | 57.3% |
| Nov-1991 | 56.9% |
| Dec-1991 | 57.0% |
| Jan-1992 | 56.8% |
| Feb-1992 | 57.1% |
| Mar-1992 | 57.1% |
| Apr-1992 | 57.2% |
| May-1992 | 57.3% |
| Jun-1992 | 56.6% |
| Jul-1992 | 56.4% |
| Aug-1992 | 56.1% |
| Sep-1992 | 55.9% |
| Oct-1992 | 55.7% |
| Nov-1992 | 55.8% |
| Dec-1992 | 56.1% |
| Jan-1993 | 56.6% |
| Feb-1993 | 57.7% |
| Mar-1993 | 58.3% |
| Apr-1993 | 58.4% |
| May-1993 | 58.2% |
| Jun-1993 | 58.1% |
| Jul-1993 | 57.5% |
| Aug-1993 | 57.5% |
| Sep-1993 | 58.0% |
| Oct-1993 | 58.9% |
| Nov-1993 | 58.5% |
| Dec-1993 | 58.3% |
| Jan-1994 | 58.8% |
| Feb-1994 | 59.2% |
| Mar-1994 | 59.1% |
| Apr-1994 | 58.7% |
| May-1994 | 58.3% |
| Jun-1994 | 58.5% |
| Jul-1994 | 58.6% |
| Aug-1994 | 59.0% |
| Sep-1994 | 59.1% |
| Oct-1994 | 59.8% |
| Nov-1994 | 60.1% |
| Dec-1994 | 60.3% |
| Jan-1995 | 60.4% |
| Feb-1995 | 59.5% |
| Mar-1995 | 59.7% |
| Apr-1995 | 59.7% |
| May-1995 | 59.2% |
| Jun-1995 | 59.5% |
| Jul-1995 | 59.5% |
| Aug-1995 | 60.0% |
| Sep-1995 | 60.2% |
| Oct-1995 | 59.9% |
| Nov-1995 | 60.6% |
| Dec-1995 | 59.9% |
| Jan-1996 | 59.8% |
| Feb-1996 | 60.3% |
| Mar-1996 | 60.7% |
| Apr-1996 | 61.0% |
| May-1996 | 60.7% |
| Jun-1996 | 60.8% |
| Jul-1996 | 61.5% |
| Aug-1996 | 60.8% |
| Sep-1996 | 60.9% |
| Oct-1996 | 60.2% |
| Nov-1996 | 60.6% |
| Dec-1996 | 59.6% |
| Jan-1997 | 59.1% |
| Feb-1997 | 58.9% |
| Mar-1997 | 60.3% |
| Apr-1997 | 61.4% |
| May-1997 | 61.8% |
| Jun-1997 | 61.1% |
| Jul-1997 | 60.4% |
| Aug-1997 | 61.3% |
| Sep-1997 | 61.9% |
| Oct-1997 | 62.5% |
| Nov-1997 | 62.7% |
| Dec-1997 | 62.8% |
| Jan-1998 | 63.3% |
| Feb-1998 | 62.7% |
| Mar-1998 | 62.9% |
| Apr-1998 | 62.4% |
| May-1998 | 63.5% |
| Jun-1998 | 63.2% |
| Jul-1998 | 64.2% |
| Aug-1998 | 64.0% |
| Sep-1998 | 65.2% |
| Oct-1998 | 65.1% |
| Nov-1998 | 65.1% |
| Dec-1998 | 64.9% |
| Jan-1999 | 65.6% |
| Feb-1999 | 65.5% |
| Mar-1999 | 64.2% |
| Apr-1999 | 65.3% |
| May-1999 | 66.1% |
| Jun-1999 | 67.4% |
| Jul-1999 | 66.4% |
| Aug-1999 | 65.7% |
| Sep-1999 | 65.3% |
| Oct-1999 | 65.5% |
| Nov-1999 | 65.3% |
| Dec-1999 | 65.1% |
| Jan-2000 | 64.4% |
| Feb-2000 | 65.4% |
| Mar-2000 | 65.7% |
| Apr-2000 | 65.9% |
| May-2000 | 65.6% |
| Jun-2000 | 65.9% |
| Jul-2000 | 65.4% |
| Aug-2000 | 65.5% |
| Sep-2000 | 65.6% |
| Oct-2000 | 66.5% |
| Nov-2000 | 67.4% |
| Dec-2000 | 68.1% |
| Jan-2001 | 69.0% |
| Feb-2001 | 68.6% |
| Mar-2001 | 67.9% |
| Apr-2001 | 66.9% |
| May-2001 | 65.8% |
| Jun-2001 | 65.3% |
| Jul-2001 | 65.7% |
| Aug-2001 | 66.2% |
| Sep-2001 | 66.6% |
| Oct-2001 | 65.5% |
| Nov-2001 | 64.4% |
| Dec-2001 | 62.9% |
| Jan-2002 | 62.6% |
| Feb-2002 | 62.3% |
| Mar-2002 | 61.7% |
| Apr-2002 | 61.9% |
| May-2002 | 62.8% |
| Jun-2002 | 64.4% |
| Jul-2002 | 64.5% |
| Aug-2002 | 64.0% |
| Sep-2002 | 63.1% |
| Oct-2002 | 63.1% |
| Nov-2002 | 63.7% |
| Dec-2002 | 64.1% |
| Jan-2003 | 64.2% |
| Feb-2003 | 64.2% |
| Mar-2003 | 64.5% |
| Apr-2003 | 64.3% |
| May-2003 | 63.7% |
| Jun-2003 | 63.5% |
| Jul-2003 | 63.1% |
| Aug-2003 | 63.2% |
| Sep-2003 | 63.4% |
| Oct-2003 | 64.3% |
| Nov-2003 | 64.7% |
| Dec-2003 | 63.7% |
| Jan-2004 | 63.6% |
| Feb-2004 | 63.4% |
| Mar-2004 | 64.9% |
| Apr-2004 | 64.3% |
| May-2004 | 64.3% |
| Jun-2004 | 63.7% |
| Jul-2004 | 64.2% |
| Aug-2004 | 64.5% |
| Sep-2004 | 64.1% |
| Oct-2004 | 64.2% |
| Nov-2004 | 64.0% |
| Dec-2004 | 64.4% |
| Jan-2005 | 64.6% |
| Feb-2005 | 64.8% |
| Mar-2005 | 64.9% |
| Apr-2005 | 65.1% |
| May-2005 | 65.8% |
| Jun-2005 | 66.1% |
| Jul-2005 | 66.6% |
| Aug-2005 | 65.9% |
| Sep-2005 | 66.5% |
| Oct-2005 | 66.2% |
| Nov-2005 | 66.0% |
| Dec-2005 | 65.9% |
| Jan-2006 | 65.8% |
| Feb-2006 | 67.3% |
| Mar-2006 | 67.3% |
| Apr-2006 | 67.6% |
| May-2006 | 67.3% |
| Jun-2006 | 67.2% |
| Jul-2006 | 66.7% |
| Aug-2006 | 66.4% |
| Sep-2006 | 65.9% |
| Oct-2006 | 66.9% |
| Nov-2006 | 67.6% |
| Dec-2006 | 68.3% |
| Jan-2007 | 68.0% |
| Feb-2007 | 67.0% |
| Mar-2007 | 66.5% |
| Apr-2007 | 65.8% |
| May-2007 | 66.2% |
| Jun-2007 | 67.6% |
| Jul-2007 | 67.7% |
| Aug-2007 | 67.6% |
| Sep-2007 | 66.9% |
| Oct-2007 | 67.0% |
| Nov-2007 | 67.5% |
| Dec-2007 | 66.6% |
| Jan-2008 | 66.4% |
| Feb-2008 | 65.4% |
| Mar-2008 | 65.6% |
| Apr-2008 | 64.7% |
| May-2008 | 65.1% |
| Jun-2008 | 64.9% |
| Jul-2008 | 65.3% |
| Aug-2008 | 64.2% |
| Sep-2008 | 62.9% |
| Oct-2008 | 62.1% |
| Nov-2008 | 61.9% |
| Dec-2008 | 62.3% |
| Jan-2009 | 62.2% |
| Feb-2009 | 61.6% |
| Mar-2009 | 60.8% |
| Apr-2009 | 59.8% |
| May-2009 | 59.6% |
| Jun-2009 | 58.3% |
| Jul-2009 | 57.5% |
| Aug-2009 | 57.0% |
| Sep-2009 | 56.8% |
| Oct-2009 | 57.6% |
| Nov-2009 | 56.7% |
| Dec-2009 | 57.7% |
| Jan-2010 | 57.9% |
| Feb-2010 | 58.8% |
| Mar-2010 | 58.7% |
| Apr-2010 | 57.4% |
| May-2010 | 56.4% |
| Jun-2010 | 56.6% |
| Jul-2010 | 57.2% |
| Aug-2010 | 58.4% |
| Sep-2010 | 58.8% |
| Oct-2010 | 58.9% |
| Nov-2010 | 58.9% |
| Dec-2010 | 58.4% |
| Jan-2011 | 59.1% |
| Feb-2011 | 59.5% |
| Mar-2011 | 60.1% |
| Apr-2011 | 60.4% |
| May-2011 | 60.2% |
| Jun-2011 | 59.7% |
| Jul-2011 | 59.8% |
| Aug-2011 | 59.6% |
| Sep-2011 | 60.6% |
| Oct-2011 | 59.8% |
| Nov-2011 | 59.8% |
| Dec-2011 | 59.1% |
| Jan-2012 | 59.2% |
| Feb-2012 | 59.1% |
| Mar-2012 | 59.4% |
| Apr-2012 | 60.3% |
| May-2012 | 60.9% |
| Jun-2012 | 61.6% |
| Jul-2012 | 61.8% |
| Aug-2012 | 62.3% |
| Sep-2012 | 62.3% |
| Oct-2012 | 62.0% |
| Nov-2012 | 61.8% |
| Dec-2012 | 62.5% |
| Jan-2013 | 62.2% |
| Feb-2013 | 61.5% |
| Mar-2013 | 61.6% |
| Apr-2013 | 63.1% |
| May-2013 | 63.5% |
| Jun-2013 | 63.2% |
| Jul-2013 | 62.3% |
| Aug-2013 | 62.9% |
| Sep-2013 | 63.5% |
| Oct-2013 | 64.3% |
| Nov-2013 | 64.1% |
| Dec-2013 | 63.6% |
| Jan-2014 | 63.9% |
| Feb-2014 | 63.6% |
| Mar-2014 | 63.9% |
| Apr-2014 | 62.8% |
| May-2014 | 64.2% |
| Jun-2014 | 64.5% |
| Jul-2014 | 66.0% |
| Aug-2014 | 65.5% |
| Sep-2014 | 65.3% |
| Oct-2014 | 64.9% |
| Nov-2014 | 65.3% |
| Dec-2014 | 65.8% |
| Jan-2015 | 67.2% |
| Feb-2015 | 67.8% |
| Mar-2015 | 68.5% |
| Apr-2015 | 68.1% |
| May-2015 | 68.5% |
| Jun-2015 | 68.1% |
| Jul-2015 | 68.9% |
| Aug-2015 | 68.6% |
| Sep-2015 | 68.8% |
| Oct-2015 | 68.7% |
| Nov-2015 | 68.5% |
| Dec-2015 | 69.0% |
| Jan-2016 | 68.7% |
| Feb-2016 | 70.2% |
| Mar-2016 | 71.2% |
| Apr-2016 | 71.2% |
| May-2016 | 69.5% |
| Jun-2016 | 68.6% |
| Jul-2016 | 68.6% |
| Aug-2016 | 69.5% |
| Sep-2016 | 69.1% |
| Oct-2016 | 67.9% |
| Nov-2016 | 67.4% |
| Dec-2016 | 68.6% |
| Jan-2017 | 69.5% |
| Feb-2017 | 69.5% |
| Mar-2017 | 69.6% |
| Apr-2017 | 70.0% |
| May-2017 | 70.2% |
| Jun-2017 | 70.5% |
| Jul-2017 | 70.1% |
| Aug-2017 | 70.7% |
| Sep-2017 | 70.3% |
| Oct-2017 | 70.2% |
| Nov-2017 | 70.2% |
| Dec-2017 | 70.2% |
| Jan-2018 | 71.2% |
| Feb-2018 | 71.3% |
| Mar-2018 | 71.4% |
| Apr-2018 | 71.5% |
| May-2018 | 71.5% |
| Jun-2018 | 72.4% |
| Jul-2018 | 72.8% |
| Aug-2018 | 72.8% |
| Sep-2018 | 72.8% |
| Oct-2018 | 72.5% |
| Nov-2018 | 72.7% |
| Dec-2018 | 72.6% |
| Jan-2019 | 72.4% |
| Feb-2019 | 72.5% |
| Mar-2019 | 72.0% |
| Apr-2019 | 72.5% |
| May-2019 | 73.3% |
| Jun-2019 | 73.9% |
| Jul-2019 | 74.1% |
| Aug-2019 | 73.7% |
| Sep-2019 | 73.6% |
| Oct-2019 | 74.3% |
| Nov-2019 | 74.4% |
| Dec-2019 | 74.0% |
| Jan-2020 | 72.9% |
| Feb-2020 | 72.4% |
| Mar-2020 | 72.9% |
| Apr-2020 | 73.2% |
| May-2020 | 62.6% |
| Jun-2020 | 50.5% |
| Jul-2020 | 41.2% |
| Aug-2020 | 44.2% |
| Sep-2020 | 50.2% |
| Oct-2020 | 54.5% |
| Nov-2020 | 58.1% |
| Dec-2020 | 61.3% |
| Jan-2021 | 62.5% |
| Feb-2021 | 63.0% |
| Mar-2021 | 63.5% |
| Apr-2021 | 65.4% |
| May-2021 | 66.7% |
| Jun-2021 | 67.3% |
| Jul-2021 | 67.5% |
| Aug-2021 | 67.9% |
| Sep-2021 | 68.4% |
| Oct-2021 | 69.3% |
| Nov-2021 | 70.0% |
| Dec-2021 | 70.2% |
| Jan-2022 | 70.7% |
| Feb-2022 | 70.7% |
| Mar-2022 | 71.1% |
| Apr-2022 | 71.7% |
| May-2022 | 72.8% |
| Jun-2022 | 73.1% |
| Jul-2022 | 72.3% |
| Aug-2022 | 72.3% |
| Sep-2022 | 72.6% |
| Oct-2022 | 73.7% |
| Nov-2022 | 73.3% |
| Dec-2022 | 73.3% |
| Jan-2023 | 73.5% |
| Feb-2023 | 74.7% |
| Mar-2023 | 75.0% |
| Apr-2023 | 74.5% |
| May-2023 | 74.6% |
| Jun-2023 | 74.8% |
| Jul-2023 | 74.2% |
| Aug-2023 | 74.2% |
Note: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Flows: Unemployed to Employed (16 Years and Over) [LNS17100000], and Not in Labor Force to Employed (16 years and over) [LNS17200000]. Because of volatility in these data, the line reflects a three month moving averages.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey public data series.
Economic indicators
Number of workers at each level of unemployment duration, by month, February 2020–August 2023
| date | Less than 5 weeks | 5–14 weeks | 15–26 weeks | 27–51 weeks | 52 weeks and over |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb 20 | 2,099.0 | 1,811.0 | 778.0 | 397 | 717 |
| Mar 20 | 3,422.0 | 1,824.0 | 728.0 | 389 | 793 |
| Apr 20 | 14,232.0 | 7,066.0 | 680.0 | 485 | 512 |
| May 20 | 3,886.0 | 14,806.0 | 1,009.0 | 662 | 537 |
| Jun 20 | 2,915.0 | 11,522.0 | 1,942.0 | 716 | 623 |
| Jul 20 | 3,142.0 | 5,145.0 | 6,512.0 | 773 | 736 |
| Aug 20 | 2,348.0 | 3,105.0 | 6,580.0 | 793 | 777 |
| Sep 20 | 2,549.0 | 2,735.0 | 4,958.0 | 1578 | 835 |
| Oct 20 | 2,490.0 | 2,342.0 | 2,671.0 | 2732 | 816 |
| Nov 20 | 2,483.0 | 2,440.0 | 1,904.0 | 3031 | 872 |
| Dec 20 | 2,915.0 | 2,344.0 | 1,578.0 | 3089 | 874 |
| Jan 21 | 2,250.0 | 2,484.0 | 1,321.0 | 3079 | 976 |
| Feb 21 | 2,211.0 | 2,254.0 | 1,370.0 | 2929 | 1217 |
| Mar 21 | 2,178.0 | 1,950.0 | 1,336.0 | 1906 | 2310 |
| Apr 21 | 2,377.0 | 2,011.0 | 1,137.0 | 1646 | 2524 |
| May 21 | 2,018.0 | 2,199.0 | 1,243.0 | 1282 | 2479 |
| Jun 21 | 2,005.0 | 2,240.0 | 1,353.0 | 1385 | 2585 |
| Jul 21 | 2,246.0 | 1,763.0 | 1,200.0 | 1170 | 2276 |
| Aug 21 | 2,116.0 | 1,885.0 | 1,245.0 | 939 | 2185 |
| Sep 21 | 2,240.0 | 1,740.0 | 1,041.0 | 765 | 1917 |
| Oct 21 | 2,075.0 | 1,852.0 | 1,021.0 | 612 | 1715 |
| Nov 21 | 1,985.0 | 1,708.0 | 906.0 | 585 | 1571 |
| Dec 21 | 1,989.0 | 1,593.0 | 799.0 | 573 | 1416 |
| Jan 22 | 2,428.0 | 1,619.0 | 819.0 | 399 | 1284 |
| Feb 22 | 2,142.0 | 1,803.0 | 726.0 | 426 | 1265 |
| Mar 22 | 2,303.0 | 1,688.0 | 552.0 | 345 | 1084 |
| Apr 22 | 2,242.0 | 1,630.0 | 526.0 | 472 | 1002 |
| May 22 | 2,052.0 | 1,771.0 | 687.0 | 428 | 921 |
| Jun 22 | 2,259.0 | 1,576.0 | 777.0 | 469 | 868 |
| Jul 22 | 2,086.0 | 1,769.0 | 734.0 | 270 | 823 |
| Aug 22 | 2,227.0 | 1,797.0 | 887.0 | 345 | 820 |
| Sep 22 | 2,158.0 | 1,643.0 | 901.0 | 387 | 702 |
| Oct 22 | 2,215.0 | 1,774.0 | 817.0 | 397 | 772 |
| Nov 22 | 2,244.0 | 1,694.0 | 821.0 | 440 | 775 |
| Dec 22 | 2,233.0 | 1,639.0 | 826.0 | 426 | 643 |
| Jan 23 | 1,946.0 | 1,785.0 | 890.0 | 391 | 720 |
| Feb 23 | 2,289.0 | 1,845.0 | 805.0 | 411 | 646 |
| Mar 23 | 2,272.0 | 1,733.0 | 734.0 | 421 | 683 |
| Apr 23 | 1,866.0 | 1,915.0 | 679.0 | 465 | 691 |
| May 23 | 2,083.0 | 1,865.0 | 858.0 | 477 | 711 |
| Jun 23 | 2,068.0 | 1,889.0 | 917.0 | 441 | 664 |
| Jul 23 | 2,004.0 | 1,698.0 | 997.0 | 477 | 687 |
| Aug 23 | 2,221.0 | 1,877.0 | 1,002.0 | 526 | 770 |
Notes: Data are seasonally adjusted. Seasonally adjusted data for Less than 5 weeks, 5-14 weeks, 15-26 weeks, and 27+ weeks are provided by BLS. Seasonally adjusted data are not available for 52+ so we applied the ratio of not-seasonally adjusted 52+ to not-seasonally adjusted 27+ to the seasonally adjusted 27+ to impute a seasonally adjusted 52+. Seasonally adjusted data for 27-51 is estimated as the difference between our estimated 52+ seasonally adjust data and the 27+ seasonally adjusted data.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey public data series.
Longer-term labor market trends
Jobs day
Monthly change in payroll employment, 2007–2023
| date | Change in Employment |
|---|---|
| Jan-2007 | 223 |
| Feb-2007 | 78 |
| Mar-2007 | 227 |
| Apr-2007 | 62 |
| May-2007 | 150 |
| Jun-2007 | 79 |
| Jul-2007 | -30 |
| Aug-2007 | -25 |
| Sep-2007 | 86 |
| Oct-2007 | 71 |
| Nov-2007 | 118 |
| Dec-2007 | 106 |
| Jan-2008 | 1 |
| Feb-2008 | -76 |
| Mar-2008 | -68 |
| Apr-2008 | -217 |
| May-2008 | -191 |
| Jun-2008 | -158 |
| Jul-2008 | -197 |
| Aug-2008 | -283 |
| Sep-2008 | -451 |
| Oct-2008 | -464 |
| Nov-2008 | -748 |
| Dec-2008 | -697 |
| Jan-2009 | -780 |
| Feb-2009 | -758 |
| Mar-2009 | -818 |
| Apr-2009 | -668 |
| May-2009 | -355 |
| Jun-2009 | -468 |
| Jul-2009 | -341 |
| Aug-2009 | -181 |
| Sep-2009 | -240 |
| Oct-2009 | -178 |
| Nov-2009 | -3 |
| Dec-2009 | -251 |
| Jan-2010 | -10 |
| Feb-2010 | -98 |
| Mar-2010 | 164 |
| Apr-2010 | 251 |
| May-2010 | 530 |
| Jun-2010 | -144 |
| Jul-2010 | -81 |
| Aug-2010 | 4 |
| Sep-2010 | -85 |
| Oct-2010 | 281 |
| Nov-2010 | 134 |
| Dec-2010 | 81 |
| Jan-2011 | 7 |
| Feb-2011 | 210 |
| Mar-2011 | 225 |
| Apr-2011 | 327 |
| May-2011 | 100 |
| Jun-2011 | 232 |
| Jul-2011 | 55 |
| Aug-2011 | 133 |
| Sep-2011 | 221 |
| Oct-2011 | 212 |
| Nov-2011 | 144 |
| Dec-2011 | 200 |
| Jan-2012 | 345 |
| Feb-2012 | 272 |
| Mar-2012 | 226 |
| Apr-2012 | 83 |
| May-2012 | 108 |
| Jun-2012 | 72 |
| Jul-2012 | 146 |
| Aug-2012 | 177 |
| Sep-2012 | 182 |
| Oct-2012 | 159 |
| Nov-2012 | 163 |
| Dec-2012 | 241 |
| Jan-2013 | 190 |
| Feb-2013 | 279 |
| Mar-2013 | 145 |
| Apr-2013 | 187 |
| May-2013 | 215 |
| Jun-2013 | 178 |
| Jul-2013 | 122 |
| Aug-2013 | 244 |
| Sep-2013 | 184 |
| Oct-2013 | 220 |
| Nov-2013 | 275 |
| Dec-2013 | 54 |
| Jan-2014 | 184 |
| Feb-2014 | 155 |
| Mar-2014 | 279 |
| Apr-2014 | 312 |
| May-2014 | 203 |
| Jun-2014 | 332 |
| Jul-2014 | 243 |
| Aug-2014 | 182 |
| Sep-2014 | 305 |
| Oct-2014 | 242 |
| Nov-2014 | 284 |
| Dec-2014 | 277 |
| Jan-2015 | 196 |
| Feb-2015 | 267 |
| Mar-2015 | 95 |
| Apr-2015 | 278 |
| May-2015 | 338 |
| Jun-2015 | 155 |
| Jul-2015 | 294 |
| Aug-2015 | 141 |
| Sep-2015 | 135 |
| Oct-2015 | 320 |
| Nov-2015 | 225 |
| Dec-2015 | 273 |
| Jan-2016 | 115 |
| Feb-2016 | 212 |
| Mar-2016 | 256 |
| Apr-2016 | 190 |
| May-2016 | 45 |
| Jun-2016 | 251 |
| Jul-2016 | 363 |
| Aug-2016 | 149 |
| Sep-2016 | 297 |
| Oct-2016 | 108 |
| Nov-2016 | 120 |
| Dec-2016 | 219 |
| Jan-2017 | 231 |
| Feb-2017 | 206 |
| Mar-2017 | 130 |
| Apr-2017 | 197 |
| May-2017 | 217 |
| Jun-2017 | 199 |
| Jul-2017 | 184 |
| Aug-2017 | 135 |
| Sep-2017 | 92 |
| Oct-2017 | 148 |
| Nov-2017 | 230 |
| Dec-2017 | 144 |
| Jan-2018 | 149 |
| Feb-2018 | 388 |
| Mar-2018 | 223 |
| Apr-2018 | 145 |
| May-2018 | 329 |
| Jun-2018 | 211 |
| Jul-2018 | 56 |
| Aug-2018 | 250 |
| Sep-2018 | 89 |
| Oct-2018 | 165 |
| Nov-2018 | 96 |
| Dec-2018 | 183 |
| Jan-2019 | 309 |
| Feb-2019 | -22 |
| Mar-2019 | 228 |
| Apr-2019 | 243 |
| May-2019 | 67 |
| Jun-2019 | 167 |
| Jul-2019 | 82 |
| Aug-2019 | 232 |
| Sep-2019 | 207 |
| Oct-2019 | 129 |
| Nov-2019 | 215 |
| Dec-2019 | 102 |
| Jan-2020 | 334 |
| Feb-2020 | 273 |
| Mar-2020 | -1427 |
| Apr-2020 | -20514 |
| May-2020 | 2625 |
| Jun-2020 | 4565 |
| Jul-2020 | 1444 |
| Aug-2020 | 1735 |
| Sep-2020 | 961 |
| Oct-2020 | 719 |
| Nov-2020 | 264 |
| Dec-2020 | -268 |
| Jan-2021 | 494 |
| Feb-2021 | 575 |
| Mar-2021 | 784 |
| Apr-2021 | 286 |
| May-2021 | 482 |
| Jun-2021 | 693 |
| Jul-2021 | 769 |
| Aug-2021 | 663 |
| Sep-2021 | 557 |
| Oct-2021 | 781 |
| Nov-2021 | 614 |
| Dec-2021 | 569 |
| Jan-2022 | 364 |
| Feb-2022 | 904 |
| Mar-2022 | 414 |
| Apr-2022 | 254 |
| May-2022 | 364 |
| Jun-2022 | 370 |
| Jul-2022 | 568 |
| Aug-2022 | 352 |
| Sep-2022 | 350 |
| Oct-2022 | 324 |
| Nov-2022 | 290 |
| Dec-2022 | 239 |
| Jan-2023 | 472 |
| Feb-2023 | 248 |
| Mar-2023 | 217 |
| Apr-2023 | 217 |
| May-2023 | 281 |
| Jun-2023 | 105 |
| Jul-2023 | 157 |
| Aug-2023 | 187 |
Note: Shaded areas denote recessions.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.
Jobs Day
Unemployment rate, 1948–2023
| date | Unemployment Rate |
|---|---|
| Jan-1948 | 3.40% |
| Feb-1948 | 3.80% |
| Mar-1948 | 4.00% |
| Apr-1948 | 3.90% |
| May-1948 | 3.50% |
| Jun-1948 | 3.60% |
| Jul-1948 | 3.60% |
| Aug-1948 | 3.90% |
| Sep-1948 | 3.80% |
| Oct-1948 | 3.70% |
| Nov-1948 | 3.80% |
| Dec-1948 | 4.00% |
| Jan-1949 | 4.30% |
| Feb-1949 | 4.70% |
| Mar-1949 | 5.00% |
| Apr-1949 | 5.30% |
| May-1949 | 6.10% |
| Jun-1949 | 6.20% |
| Jul-1949 | 6.70% |
| Aug-1949 | 6.80% |
| Sep-1949 | 6.60% |
| Oct-1949 | 7.90% |
| Nov-1949 | 6.40% |
| Dec-1949 | 6.60% |
| Jan-1950 | 6.50% |
| Feb-1950 | 6.40% |
| Mar-1950 | 6.30% |
| Apr-1950 | 5.80% |
| May-1950 | 5.50% |
| Jun-1950 | 5.40% |
| Jul-1950 | 5.00% |
| Aug-1950 | 4.50% |
| Sep-1950 | 4.40% |
| Oct-1950 | 4.20% |
| Nov-1950 | 4.20% |
| Dec-1950 | 4.30% |
| Jan-1951 | 3.70% |
| Feb-1951 | 3.40% |
| Mar-1951 | 3.40% |
| Apr-1951 | 3.10% |
| May-1951 | 3.00% |
| Jun-1951 | 3.20% |
| Jul-1951 | 3.10% |
| Aug-1951 | 3.10% |
| Sep-1951 | 3.30% |
| Oct-1951 | 3.50% |
| Nov-1951 | 3.50% |
| Dec-1951 | 3.10% |
| Jan-1952 | 3.20% |
| Feb-1952 | 3.10% |
| Mar-1952 | 2.90% |
| Apr-1952 | 2.90% |
| May-1952 | 3.00% |
| Jun-1952 | 3.00% |
| Jul-1952 | 3.20% |
| Aug-1952 | 3.40% |
| Sep-1952 | 3.10% |
| Oct-1952 | 3.00% |
| Nov-1952 | 2.80% |
| Dec-1952 | 2.70% |
| Jan-1953 | 2.90% |
| Feb-1953 | 2.60% |
| Mar-1953 | 2.60% |
| Apr-1953 | 2.70% |
| May-1953 | 2.50% |
| Jun-1953 | 2.50% |
| Jul-1953 | 2.60% |
| Aug-1953 | 2.70% |
| Sep-1953 | 2.90% |
| Oct-1953 | 3.10% |
| Nov-1953 | 3.50% |
| Dec-1953 | 4.50% |
| Jan-1954 | 4.90% |
| Feb-1954 | 5.20% |
| Mar-1954 | 5.70% |
| Apr-1954 | 5.90% |
| May-1954 | 5.90% |
| Jun-1954 | 5.60% |
| Jul-1954 | 5.80% |
| Aug-1954 | 6.00% |
| Sep-1954 | 6.10% |
| Oct-1954 | 5.70% |
| Nov-1954 | 5.30% |
| Dec-1954 | 5.00% |
| Jan-1955 | 4.90% |
| Feb-1955 | 4.70% |
| Mar-1955 | 4.60% |
| Apr-1955 | 4.70% |
| May-1955 | 4.30% |
| Jun-1955 | 4.20% |
| Jul-1955 | 4.00% |
| Aug-1955 | 4.20% |
| Sep-1955 | 4.10% |
| Oct-1955 | 4.30% |
| Nov-1955 | 4.20% |
| Dec-1955 | 4.20% |
| Jan-1956 | 4.00% |
| Feb-1956 | 3.90% |
| Mar-1956 | 4.20% |
| Apr-1956 | 4.00% |
| May-1956 | 4.30% |
| Jun-1956 | 4.30% |
| Jul-1956 | 4.40% |
| Aug-1956 | 4.10% |
| Sep-1956 | 3.90% |
| Oct-1956 | 3.90% |
| Nov-1956 | 4.30% |
| Dec-1956 | 4.20% |
| Jan-1957 | 4.20% |
| Feb-1957 | 3.90% |
| Mar-1957 | 3.70% |
| Apr-1957 | 3.90% |
| May-1957 | 4.10% |
| Jun-1957 | 4.30% |
| Jul-1957 | 4.20% |
| Aug-1957 | 4.10% |
| Sep-1957 | 4.40% |
| Oct-1957 | 4.50% |
| Nov-1957 | 5.10% |
| Dec-1957 | 5.20% |
| Jan-1958 | 5.80% |
| Feb-1958 | 6.40% |
| Mar-1958 | 6.70% |
| Apr-1958 | 7.40% |
| May-1958 | 7.40% |
| Jun-1958 | 7.30% |
| Jul-1958 | 7.50% |
| Aug-1958 | 7.40% |
| Sep-1958 | 7.10% |
| Oct-1958 | 6.70% |
| Nov-1958 | 6.20% |
| Dec-1958 | 6.20% |
| Jan-1959 | 6.00% |
| Feb-1959 | 5.90% |
| Mar-1959 | 5.60% |
| Apr-1959 | 5.20% |
| May-1959 | 5.10% |
| Jun-1959 | 5.00% |
| Jul-1959 | 5.10% |
| Aug-1959 | 5.20% |
| Sep-1959 | 5.50% |
| Oct-1959 | 5.70% |
| Nov-1959 | 5.80% |
| Dec-1959 | 5.30% |
| Jan-1960 | 5.20% |
| Feb-1960 | 4.80% |
| Mar-1960 | 5.40% |
| Apr-1960 | 5.20% |
| May-1960 | 5.10% |
| Jun-1960 | 5.40% |
| Jul-1960 | 5.50% |
| Aug-1960 | 5.60% |
| Sep-1960 | 5.50% |
| Oct-1960 | 6.10% |
| Nov-1960 | 6.10% |
| Dec-1960 | 6.60% |
| Jan-1961 | 6.60% |
| Feb-1961 | 6.90% |
| Mar-1961 | 6.90% |
| Apr-1961 | 7.00% |
| May-1961 | 7.10% |
| Jun-1961 | 6.90% |
| Jul-1961 | 7.00% |
| Aug-1961 | 6.60% |
| Sep-1961 | 6.70% |
| Oct-1961 | 6.50% |
| Nov-1961 | 6.10% |
| Dec-1961 | 6.00% |
| Jan-1962 | 5.80% |
| Feb-1962 | 5.50% |
| Mar-1962 | 5.60% |
| Apr-1962 | 5.60% |
| May-1962 | 5.50% |
| Jun-1962 | 5.50% |
| Jul-1962 | 5.40% |
| Aug-1962 | 5.70% |
| Sep-1962 | 5.60% |
| Oct-1962 | 5.40% |
| Nov-1962 | 5.70% |
| Dec-1962 | 5.50% |
| Jan-1963 | 5.70% |
| Feb-1963 | 5.90% |
| Mar-1963 | 5.70% |
| Apr-1963 | 5.70% |
| May-1963 | 5.90% |
| Jun-1963 | 5.60% |
| Jul-1963 | 5.60% |
| Aug-1963 | 5.40% |
| Sep-1963 | 5.50% |
| Oct-1963 | 5.50% |
| Nov-1963 | 5.70% |
| Dec-1963 | 5.50% |
| Jan-1964 | 5.60% |
| Feb-1964 | 5.40% |
| Mar-1964 | 5.40% |
| Apr-1964 | 5.30% |
| May-1964 | 5.10% |
| Jun-1964 | 5.20% |
| Jul-1964 | 4.90% |
| Aug-1964 | 5.00% |
| Sep-1964 | 5.10% |
| Oct-1964 | 5.10% |
| Nov-1964 | 4.80% |
| Dec-1964 | 5.00% |
| Jan-1965 | 4.90% |
| Feb-1965 | 5.10% |
| Mar-1965 | 4.70% |
| Apr-1965 | 4.80% |
| May-1965 | 4.60% |
| Jun-1965 | 4.60% |
| Jul-1965 | 4.40% |
| Aug-1965 | 4.40% |
| Sep-1965 | 4.30% |
| Oct-1965 | 4.20% |
| Nov-1965 | 4.10% |
| Dec-1965 | 4.00% |
| Jan-1966 | 4.00% |
| Feb-1966 | 3.80% |
| Mar-1966 | 3.80% |
| Apr-1966 | 3.80% |
| May-1966 | 3.90% |
| Jun-1966 | 3.80% |
| Jul-1966 | 3.80% |
| Aug-1966 | 3.80% |
| Sep-1966 | 3.70% |
| Oct-1966 | 3.70% |
| Nov-1966 | 3.60% |
| Dec-1966 | 3.80% |
| Jan-1967 | 3.90% |
| Feb-1967 | 3.80% |
| Mar-1967 | 3.80% |
| Apr-1967 | 3.80% |
| May-1967 | 3.80% |
| Jun-1967 | 3.90% |
| Jul-1967 | 3.80% |
| Aug-1967 | 3.80% |
| Sep-1967 | 3.80% |
| Oct-1967 | 4.00% |
| Nov-1967 | 3.90% |
| Dec-1967 | 3.80% |
| Jan-1968 | 3.70% |
| Feb-1968 | 3.80% |
| Mar-1968 | 3.70% |
| Apr-1968 | 3.50% |
| May-1968 | 3.50% |
| Jun-1968 | 3.70% |
| Jul-1968 | 3.70% |
| Aug-1968 | 3.50% |
| Sep-1968 | 3.40% |
| Oct-1968 | 3.40% |
| Nov-1968 | 3.40% |
| Dec-1968 | 3.40% |
| Jan-1969 | 3.40% |
| Feb-1969 | 3.40% |
| Mar-1969 | 3.40% |
| Apr-1969 | 3.40% |
| May-1969 | 3.40% |
| Jun-1969 | 3.50% |
| Jul-1969 | 3.50% |
| Aug-1969 | 3.50% |
| Sep-1969 | 3.70% |
| Oct-1969 | 3.70% |
| Nov-1969 | 3.50% |
| Dec-1969 | 3.50% |
| Jan-1970 | 3.90% |
| Feb-1970 | 4.20% |
| Mar-1970 | 4.40% |
| Apr-1970 | 4.60% |
| May-1970 | 4.80% |
| Jun-1970 | 4.90% |
| Jul-1970 | 5.00% |
| Aug-1970 | 5.10% |
| Sep-1970 | 5.40% |
| Oct-1970 | 5.50% |
| Nov-1970 | 5.90% |
| Dec-1970 | 6.10% |
| Jan-1971 | 5.90% |
| Feb-1971 | 5.90% |
| Mar-1971 | 6.00% |
| Apr-1971 | 5.90% |
| May-1971 | 5.90% |
| Jun-1971 | 5.90% |
| Jul-1971 | 6.00% |
| Aug-1971 | 6.10% |
| Sep-1971 | 6.00% |
| Oct-1971 | 5.80% |
| Nov-1971 | 6.00% |
| Dec-1971 | 6.00% |
| Jan-1972 | 5.80% |
| Feb-1972 | 5.70% |
| Mar-1972 | 5.80% |
| Apr-1972 | 5.70% |
| May-1972 | 5.70% |
| Jun-1972 | 5.70% |
| Jul-1972 | 5.60% |
| Aug-1972 | 5.60% |
| Sep-1972 | 5.50% |
| Oct-1972 | 5.60% |
| Nov-1972 | 5.30% |
| Dec-1972 | 5.20% |
| Jan-1973 | 4.90% |
| Feb-1973 | 5.00% |
| Mar-1973 | 4.90% |
| Apr-1973 | 5.00% |
| May-1973 | 4.90% |
| Jun-1973 | 4.90% |
| Jul-1973 | 4.80% |
| Aug-1973 | 4.80% |
| Sep-1973 | 4.80% |
| Oct-1973 | 4.60% |
| Nov-1973 | 4.80% |
| Dec-1973 | 4.90% |
| Jan-1974 | 5.10% |
| Feb-1974 | 5.20% |
| Mar-1974 | 5.10% |
| Apr-1974 | 5.10% |
| May-1974 | 5.10% |
| Jun-1974 | 5.40% |
| Jul-1974 | 5.50% |
| Aug-1974 | 5.50% |
| Sep-1974 | 5.90% |
| Oct-1974 | 6.00% |
| Nov-1974 | 6.60% |
| Dec-1974 | 7.20% |
| Jan-1975 | 8.10% |
| Feb-1975 | 8.10% |
| Mar-1975 | 8.60% |
| Apr-1975 | 8.80% |
| May-1975 | 9.00% |
| Jun-1975 | 8.80% |
| Jul-1975 | 8.60% |
| Aug-1975 | 8.40% |
| Sep-1975 | 8.40% |
| Oct-1975 | 8.40% |
| Nov-1975 | 8.30% |
| Dec-1975 | 8.20% |
| Jan-1976 | 7.90% |
| Feb-1976 | 7.70% |
| Mar-1976 | 7.60% |
| Apr-1976 | 7.70% |
| May-1976 | 7.40% |
| Jun-1976 | 7.60% |
| Jul-1976 | 7.80% |
| Aug-1976 | 7.80% |
| Sep-1976 | 7.60% |
| Oct-1976 | 7.70% |
| Nov-1976 | 7.80% |
| Dec-1976 | 7.80% |
| Jan-1977 | 7.50% |
| Feb-1977 | 7.60% |
| Mar-1977 | 7.40% |
| Apr-1977 | 7.20% |
| May-1977 | 7.00% |
| Jun-1977 | 7.20% |
| Jul-1977 | 6.90% |
| Aug-1977 | 7.00% |
| Sep-1977 | 6.80% |
| Oct-1977 | 6.80% |
| Nov-1977 | 6.80% |
| Dec-1977 | 6.40% |
| Jan-1978 | 6.40% |
| Feb-1978 | 6.30% |
| Mar-1978 | 6.30% |
| Apr-1978 | 6.10% |
| May-1978 | 6.00% |
| Jun-1978 | 5.90% |
| Jul-1978 | 6.20% |
| Aug-1978 | 5.90% |
| Sep-1978 | 6.00% |
| Oct-1978 | 5.80% |
| Nov-1978 | 5.90% |
| Dec-1978 | 6.00% |
| Jan-1979 | 5.90% |
| Feb-1979 | 5.90% |
| Mar-1979 | 5.80% |
| Apr-1979 | 5.80% |
| May-1979 | 5.60% |
| Jun-1979 | 5.70% |
| Jul-1979 | 5.70% |
| Aug-1979 | 6.00% |
| Sep-1979 | 5.90% |
| Oct-1979 | 6.00% |
| Nov-1979 | 5.90% |
| Dec-1979 | 6.00% |
| Jan-1980 | 6.30% |
| Feb-1980 | 6.30% |
| Mar-1980 | 6.30% |
| Apr-1980 | 6.90% |
| May-1980 | 7.50% |
| Jun-1980 | 7.60% |
| Jul-1980 | 7.80% |
| Aug-1980 | 7.70% |
| Sep-1980 | 7.50% |
| Oct-1980 | 7.50% |
| Nov-1980 | 7.50% |
| Dec-1980 | 7.20% |
| Jan-1981 | 7.50% |
| Feb-1981 | 7.40% |
| Mar-1981 | 7.40% |
| Apr-1981 | 7.20% |
| May-1981 | 7.50% |
| Jun-1981 | 7.50% |
| Jul-1981 | 7.20% |
| Aug-1981 | 7.40% |
| Sep-1981 | 7.60% |
| Oct-1981 | 7.90% |
| Nov-1981 | 8.30% |
| Dec-1981 | 8.50% |
| Jan-1982 | 8.60% |
| Feb-1982 | 8.90% |
| Mar-1982 | 9.00% |
| Apr-1982 | 9.30% |
| May-1982 | 9.40% |
| Jun-1982 | 9.60% |
| Jul-1982 | 9.80% |
| Aug-1982 | 9.80% |
| Sep-1982 | 10.10% |
| Oct-1982 | 10.40% |
| Nov-1982 | 10.80% |
| Dec-1982 | 10.80% |
| Jan-1983 | 10.40% |
| Feb-1983 | 10.40% |
| Mar-1983 | 10.30% |
| Apr-1983 | 10.20% |
| May-1983 | 10.10% |
| Jun-1983 | 10.10% |
| Jul-1983 | 9.40% |
| Aug-1983 | 9.50% |
| Sep-1983 | 9.20% |
| Oct-1983 | 8.80% |
| Nov-1983 | 8.50% |
| Dec-1983 | 8.30% |
| Jan-1984 | 8.00% |
| Feb-1984 | 7.80% |
| Mar-1984 | 7.80% |
| Apr-1984 | 7.70% |
| May-1984 | 7.40% |
| Jun-1984 | 7.20% |
| Jul-1984 | 7.50% |
| Aug-1984 | 7.50% |
| Sep-1984 | 7.30% |
| Oct-1984 | 7.40% |
| Nov-1984 | 7.20% |
| Dec-1984 | 7.30% |
| Jan-1985 | 7.30% |
| Feb-1985 | 7.20% |
| Mar-1985 | 7.20% |
| Apr-1985 | 7.30% |
| May-1985 | 7.20% |
| Jun-1985 | 7.40% |
| Jul-1985 | 7.40% |
| Aug-1985 | 7.10% |
| Sep-1985 | 7.10% |
| Oct-1985 | 7.10% |
| Nov-1985 | 7.00% |
| Dec-1985 | 7.00% |
| Jan-1986 | 6.70% |
| Feb-1986 | 7.20% |
| Mar-1986 | 7.20% |
| Apr-1986 | 7.10% |
| May-1986 | 7.20% |
| Jun-1986 | 7.20% |
| Jul-1986 | 7.00% |
| Aug-1986 | 6.90% |
| Sep-1986 | 7.00% |
| Oct-1986 | 7.00% |
| Nov-1986 | 6.90% |
| Dec-1986 | 6.60% |
| Jan-1987 | 6.60% |
| Feb-1987 | 6.60% |
| Mar-1987 | 6.60% |
| Apr-1987 | 6.30% |
| May-1987 | 6.30% |
| Jun-1987 | 6.20% |
| Jul-1987 | 6.10% |
| Aug-1987 | 6.00% |
| Sep-1987 | 5.90% |
| Oct-1987 | 6.00% |
| Nov-1987 | 5.80% |
| Dec-1987 | 5.70% |
| Jan-1988 | 5.70% |
| Feb-1988 | 5.70% |
| Mar-1988 | 5.70% |
| Apr-1988 | 5.40% |
| May-1988 | 5.60% |
| Jun-1988 | 5.40% |
| Jul-1988 | 5.40% |
| Aug-1988 | 5.60% |
| Sep-1988 | 5.40% |
| Oct-1988 | 5.40% |
| Nov-1988 | 5.30% |
| Dec-1988 | 5.30% |
| Jan-1989 | 5.40% |
| Feb-1989 | 5.20% |
| Mar-1989 | 5.00% |
| Apr-1989 | 5.20% |
| May-1989 | 5.20% |
| Jun-1989 | 5.30% |
| Jul-1989 | 5.20% |
| Aug-1989 | 5.20% |
| Sep-1989 | 5.30% |
| Oct-1989 | 5.30% |
| Nov-1989 | 5.40% |
| Dec-1989 | 5.40% |
| Jan-1990 | 5.40% |
| Feb-1990 | 5.30% |
| Mar-1990 | 5.20% |
| Apr-1990 | 5.40% |
| May-1990 | 5.40% |
| Jun-1990 | 5.20% |
| Jul-1990 | 5.50% |
| Aug-1990 | 5.70% |
| Sep-1990 | 5.90% |
| Oct-1990 | 5.90% |
| Nov-1990 | 6.20% |
| Dec-1990 | 6.30% |
| Jan-1991 | 6.40% |
| Feb-1991 | 6.60% |
| Mar-1991 | 6.80% |
| Apr-1991 | 6.70% |
| May-1991 | 6.90% |
| Jun-1991 | 6.90% |
| Jul-1991 | 6.80% |
| Aug-1991 | 6.90% |
| Sep-1991 | 6.90% |
| Oct-1991 | 7.00% |
| Nov-1991 | 7.00% |
| Dec-1991 | 7.30% |
| Jan-1992 | 7.30% |
| Feb-1992 | 7.40% |
| Mar-1992 | 7.40% |
| Apr-1992 | 7.40% |
| May-1992 | 7.60% |
| Jun-1992 | 7.80% |
| Jul-1992 | 7.70% |
| Aug-1992 | 7.60% |
| Sep-1992 | 7.60% |
| Oct-1992 | 7.30% |
| Nov-1992 | 7.40% |
| Dec-1992 | 7.40% |
| Jan-1993 | 7.30% |
| Feb-1993 | 7.10% |
| Mar-1993 | 7.00% |
| Apr-1993 | 7.10% |
| May-1993 | 7.10% |
| Jun-1993 | 7.00% |
| Jul-1993 | 6.90% |
| Aug-1993 | 6.80% |
| Sep-1993 | 6.70% |
| Oct-1993 | 6.80% |
| Nov-1993 | 6.60% |
| Dec-1993 | 6.50% |
| Jan-1994 | 6.60% |
| Feb-1994 | 6.60% |
| Mar-1994 | 6.50% |
| Apr-1994 | 6.40% |
| May-1994 | 6.10% |
| Jun-1994 | 6.10% |
| Jul-1994 | 6.10% |
| Aug-1994 | 6.00% |
| Sep-1994 | 5.90% |
| Oct-1994 | 5.80% |
| Nov-1994 | 5.60% |
| Dec-1994 | 5.50% |
| Jan-1995 | 5.60% |
| Feb-1995 | 5.40% |
| Mar-1995 | 5.40% |
| Apr-1995 | 5.80% |
| May-1995 | 5.60% |
| Jun-1995 | 5.60% |
| Jul-1995 | 5.70% |
| Aug-1995 | 5.70% |
| Sep-1995 | 5.60% |
| Oct-1995 | 5.50% |
| Nov-1995 | 5.60% |
| Dec-1995 | 5.60% |
| Jan-1996 | 5.60% |
| Feb-1996 | 5.50% |
| Mar-1996 | 5.50% |
| Apr-1996 | 5.60% |
| May-1996 | 5.60% |
| Jun-1996 | 5.30% |
| Jul-1996 | 5.50% |
| Aug-1996 | 5.10% |
| Sep-1996 | 5.20% |
| Oct-1996 | 5.20% |
| Nov-1996 | 5.40% |
| Dec-1996 | 5.40% |
| Jan-1997 | 5.30% |
| Feb-1997 | 5.20% |
| Mar-1997 | 5.20% |
| Apr-1997 | 5.10% |
| May-1997 | 4.90% |
| Jun-1997 | 5.00% |
| Jul-1997 | 4.90% |
| Aug-1997 | 4.80% |
| Sep-1997 | 4.90% |
| Oct-1997 | 4.70% |
| Nov-1997 | 4.60% |
| Dec-1997 | 4.70% |
| Jan-1998 | 4.60% |
| Feb-1998 | 4.60% |
| Mar-1998 | 4.70% |
| Apr-1998 | 4.30% |
| May-1998 | 4.40% |
| Jun-1998 | 4.50% |
| Jul-1998 | 4.50% |
| Aug-1998 | 4.50% |
| Sep-1998 | 4.60% |
| Oct-1998 | 4.50% |
| Nov-1998 | 4.40% |
| Dec-1998 | 4.40% |
| Jan-1999 | 4.30% |
| Feb-1999 | 4.40% |
| Mar-1999 | 4.20% |
| Apr-1999 | 4.30% |
| May-1999 | 4.20% |
| Jun-1999 | 4.30% |
| Jul-1999 | 4.30% |
| Aug-1999 | 4.20% |
| Sep-1999 | 4.20% |
| Oct-1999 | 4.10% |
| Nov-1999 | 4.10% |
| Dec-1999 | 4.00% |
| Jan-2000 | 4.00% |
| Feb-2000 | 4.10% |
| Mar-2000 | 4.00% |
| Apr-2000 | 3.80% |
| May-2000 | 4.00% |
| Jun-2000 | 4.00% |
| Jul-2000 | 4.00% |
| Aug-2000 | 4.10% |
| Sep-2000 | 3.90% |
| Oct-2000 | 3.90% |
| Nov-2000 | 3.90% |
| Dec-2000 | 3.90% |
| Jan-2001 | 4.20% |
| Feb-2001 | 4.20% |
| Mar-2001 | 4.30% |
| Apr-2001 | 4.40% |
| May-2001 | 4.30% |
| Jun-2001 | 4.50% |
| Jul-2001 | 4.60% |
| Aug-2001 | 4.90% |
| Sep-2001 | 5.00% |
| Oct-2001 | 5.30% |
| Nov-2001 | 5.50% |
| Dec-2001 | 5.70% |
| Jan-2002 | 5.70% |
| Feb-2002 | 5.70% |
| Mar-2002 | 5.70% |
| Apr-2002 | 5.90% |
| May-2002 | 5.80% |
| Jun-2002 | 5.80% |
| Jul-2002 | 5.80% |
| Aug-2002 | 5.70% |
| Sep-2002 | 5.70% |
| Oct-2002 | 5.70% |
| Nov-2002 | 5.90% |
| Dec-2002 | 6.00% |
| Jan-2003 | 5.80% |
| Feb-2003 | 5.90% |
| Mar-2003 | 5.90% |
| Apr-2003 | 6.00% |
| May-2003 | 6.10% |
| Jun-2003 | 6.30% |
| Jul-2003 | 6.20% |
| Aug-2003 | 6.10% |
| Sep-2003 | 6.10% |
| Oct-2003 | 6.00% |
| Nov-2003 | 5.80% |
| Dec-2003 | 5.70% |
| Jan-2004 | 5.70% |
| Feb-2004 | 5.60% |
| Mar-2004 | 5.80% |
| Apr-2004 | 5.60% |
| May-2004 | 5.60% |
| Jun-2004 | 5.60% |
| Jul-2004 | 5.50% |
| Aug-2004 | 5.40% |
| Sep-2004 | 5.40% |
| Oct-2004 | 5.50% |
| Nov-2004 | 5.40% |
| Dec-2004 | 5.40% |
| Jan-2005 | 5.30% |
| Feb-2005 | 5.40% |
| Mar-2005 | 5.20% |
| Apr-2005 | 5.20% |
| May-2005 | 5.10% |
| Jun-2005 | 5.00% |
| Jul-2005 | 5.00% |
| Aug-2005 | 4.90% |
| Sep-2005 | 5.00% |
| Oct-2005 | 5.00% |
| Nov-2005 | 5.00% |
| Dec-2005 | 4.90% |
| Jan-2006 | 4.70% |
| Feb-2006 | 4.80% |
| Mar-2006 | 4.70% |
| Apr-2006 | 4.70% |
| May-2006 | 4.60% |
| Jun-2006 | 4.60% |
| Jul-2006 | 4.70% |
| Aug-2006 | 4.70% |
| Sep-2006 | 4.50% |
| Oct-2006 | 4.40% |
| Nov-2006 | 4.50% |
| Dec-2006 | 4.40% |
| Jan-2007 | 4.60% |
| Feb-2007 | 4.50% |
| Mar-2007 | 4.40% |
| Apr-2007 | 4.50% |
| May-2007 | 4.40% |
| Jun-2007 | 4.60% |
| Jul-2007 | 4.70% |
| Aug-2007 | 4.60% |
| Sep-2007 | 4.70% |
| Oct-2007 | 4.70% |
| Nov-2007 | 4.70% |
| Dec-2007 | 5.00% |
| Jan-2008 | 5.00% |
| Feb-2008 | 4.90% |
| Mar-2008 | 5.10% |
| Apr-2008 | 5.00% |
| May-2008 | 5.40% |
| Jun-2008 | 5.60% |
| Jul-2008 | 5.80% |
| Aug-2008 | 6.10% |
| Sep-2008 | 6.10% |
| Oct-2008 | 6.50% |
| Nov-2008 | 6.80% |
| Dec-2008 | 7.30% |
| Jan-2009 | 7.80% |
| Feb-2009 | 8.30% |
| Mar-2009 | 8.70% |
| Apr-2009 | 9.00% |
| May-2009 | 9.40% |
| Jun-2009 | 9.50% |
| Jul-2009 | 9.50% |
| Aug-2009 | 9.60% |
| Sep-2009 | 9.80% |
| Oct-2009 | 10.00% |
| Nov-2009 | 9.90% |
| Dec-2009 | 9.90% |
| Jan-2010 | 9.80% |
| Feb-2010 | 9.80% |
| Mar-2010 | 9.90% |
| Apr-2010 | 9.90% |
| May-2010 | 9.60% |
| Jun-2010 | 9.40% |
| Jul-2010 | 9.40% |
| Aug-2010 | 9.50% |
| Sep-2010 | 9.50% |
| Oct-2010 | 9.40% |
| Nov-2010 | 9.80% |
| Dec-2010 | 9.30% |
| Jan-2011 | 9.10% |
| Feb-2011 | 9.00% |
| Mar-2011 | 9.00% |
| Apr-2011 | 9.10% |
| May-2011 | 9.00% |
| Jun-2011 | 9.10% |
| Jul-2011 | 9.00% |
| Aug-2011 | 9.00% |
| Sep-2011 | 9.00% |
| Oct-2011 | 8.80% |
| Nov-2011 | 8.60% |
| Dec-2011 | 8.50% |
| Jan-2012 | 8.30% |
| Feb-2012 | 8.30% |
| Mar-2012 | 8.20% |
| Apr-2012 | 8.20% |
| May-2012 | 8.20% |
| Jun-2012 | 8.20% |
| Jul-2012 | 8.20% |
| Aug-2012 | 8.10% |
| Sep-2012 | 7.80% |
| Oct-2012 | 7.80% |
| Nov-2012 | 7.70% |
| Dec-2012 | 7.90% |
| Jan-2013 | 8.00% |
| Feb-2013 | 7.70% |
| Mar-2013 | 7.50% |
| Apr-2013 | 7.60% |
| May-2013 | 7.50% |
| Jun-2013 | 7.50% |
| Jul-2013 | 7.30% |
| Aug-2013 | 7.20% |
| Sep-2013 | 7.20% |
| Oct-2013 | 7.20% |
| Nov-2013 | 6.90% |
| Dec-2013 | 6.70% |
| Jan-2014 | 6.60% |
| Feb-2014 | 6.70% |
| Mar-2014 | 6.70% |
| Apr-2014 | 6.20% |
| May-2014 | 6.30% |
| Jun-2014 | 6.10% |
| Jul-2014 | 6.20% |
| Aug-2014 | 6.10% |
| Sep-2014 | 5.90% |
| Oct-2014 | 5.70% |
| Nov-2014 | 5.80% |
| Dec-2014 | 5.60% |
| Jan-2015 | 5.70% |
| Feb-2015 | 5.50% |
| Mar-2015 | 5.40% |
| Apr-2015 | 5.40% |
| May-2015 | 5.60% |
| Jun-2015 | 5.30% |
| Jul-2015 | 5.20% |
| Aug-2015 | 5.10% |
| Sep-2015 | 5.00% |
| Oct-2015 | 5.00% |
| Nov-2015 | 5.10% |
| Dec-2015 | 5.00% |
| Jan-2016 | 4.80% |
| Feb-2016 | 4.90% |
| Mar-2016 | 5.00% |
| Apr-2016 | 5.10% |
| May-2016 | 4.80% |
| Jun-2016 | 4.90% |
| Jul-2016 | 4.80% |
| Aug-2016 | 4.90% |
| Sep-2016 | 5.00% |
| Oct-2016 | 4.90% |
| Nov-2016 | 4.70% |
| Dec-2016 | 4.70% |
| Jan-2017 | 4.70% |
| Feb-2017 | 4.60% |
| Mar-2017 | 4.40% |
| Apr-2017 | 4.40% |
| May-2017 | 4.40% |
| Jun-2017 | 4.30% |
| Jul-2017 | 4.30% |
| Aug-2017 | 4.40% |
| Sep-2017 | 4.30% |
| Oct-2017 | 4.20% |
| Nov-2017 | 4.20% |
| Dec-2017 | 4.10% |
| Jan-2018 | 4.00% |
| Feb-2018 | 4.10% |
| Mar-2018 | 4.00% |
| Apr-2018 | 4.00% |
| May-2018 | 3.80% |
| Jun-2018 | 4.00% |
| Jul-2018 | 3.80% |
| Aug-2018 | 3.80% |
| Sep-2018 | 3.70% |
| Oct-2018 | 3.80% |
| Nov-2018 | 3.80% |
| Dec-2018 | 3.90% |
| Jan-2019 | 4.00% |
| Feb-2019 | 3.80% |
| Mar-2019 | 3.80% |
| Apr-2019 | 3.60% |
| May-2019 | 3.60% |
| Jun-2019 | 3.60% |
| Jul-2019 | 3.70% |
| Aug-2019 | 3.70% |
| Sep-2019 | 3.50% |
| Oct-2019 | 3.60% |
| Nov-2019 | 3.60% |
| Dec-2019 | 3.60% |
| Jan-2020 | 3.50% |
| Feb-2020 | 3.50% |
| Mar-2020 | 4.40% |
| Apr-2020 | 14.70% |
| May-2020 | 13.20% |
| Jun-2020 | 11.00% |
| Jul-2020 | 10.20% |
| Aug-2020 | 8.40% |
| Sep-2020 | 7.90% |
| Oct-2020 | 6.90% |
| Nov-2020 | 6.70% |
| Dec-2020 | 6.70% |
| Jan-2021 | 6.40% |
| Feb-2021 | 6.20% |
| Mar-2021 | 6.00% |
| Apr-2021 | 6.00% |
| May-2021 | 5.80% |
| Jun-2021 | 5.90% |
| Jul-2021 | 5.40% |
| Aug-2021 | 5.20% |
| Sep-2021 | 4.70% |
| Oct-2021 | 4.60% |
| Nov-2021 | 4.20% |
| Dec-2021 | 3.90% |
| Jan-2022 | 4.00% |
| Feb-2022 | 3.80% |
| Mar-2022 | 3.60% |
| Apr-2022 | 3.60% |
| May-2022 | 3.60% |
| Jun-2022 | 3.60% |
| Jul-2022 | 3.50% |
| Aug-2022 | 3.70% |
| Sep-2022 | 3.50% |
| Oct-2022 | 3.70% |
| Nov-2022 | 3.60% |
| Dec-2022 | 3.50% |
| Jan-2023 | 3.40% |
| Feb-2023 | 3.60% |
| Mar-2023 | 3.50% |
| Apr-2023 | 3.40% |
| May-2023 | 3.70% |
| Jun-2023 | 3.6% |
| Jul-2023 | 3.5% |
| Aug-2023 | 3.8% |
Note: Shaded areas denote recessions.
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey.
Jobs Day
Unemployment rate of workers age 16 and older by race and ethnicity, 1995–2023
| Date | White | Black | Hispanic | AAPI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan-1995 | 4.8 | 10.3 | 10.2 | |
| Feb-1995 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 9 | |
| Mar-1995 | 4.7 | 9.7 | 8.9 | |
| Apr-1995 | 5 | 10.7 | 8.9 | |
| May-1995 | 5 | 10 | 9.8 | |
| Jun-1995 | 4.9 | 10.7 | 9.1 | |
| Jul-1995 | 4.9 | 10.9 | 8.8 | |
| Aug-1995 | 4.9 | 11.1 | 9.6 | |
| Sep-1995 | 4.9 | 11.1 | 9.1 | |
| Oct-1995 | 4.9 | 10 | 9.4 | |
| Nov-1995 | 5 | 9.7 | 9.5 | |
| Dec-1995 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 9.3 | |
| Jan-1996 | 4.9 | 10.6 | 9.4 | |
| Feb-1996 | 4.8 | 10 | 9.6 | |
| Mar-1996 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 9.6 | |
| Apr-1996 | 4.8 | 10.7 | 9.6 | |
| May-1996 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 9.6 | |
| Jun-1996 | 4.6 | 10.4 | 8.8 | |
| Jul-1996 | 4.7 | 10.6 | 8.8 | |
| Aug-1996 | 4.4 | 10.6 | 8.8 | |
| Sep-1996 | 4.5 | 10.6 | 8.2 | |
| Oct-1996 | 4.5 | 10.7 | 8 | |
| Nov-1996 | 4.6 | 10.6 | 8.5 | |
| Dec-1996 | 4.6 | 10.5 | 7.4 | |
| Jan-1997 | 4.5 | 10.8 | 8.4 | |
| Feb-1997 | 4.5 | 10.7 | 8.2 | |
| Mar-1997 | 4.4 | 10.5 | 8.3 | |
| Apr-1997 | 4.3 | 10.2 | 8.2 | |
| May-1997 | 4.1 | 10.3 | 7.7 | |
| Jun-1997 | 4.2 | 10.8 | 7.5 | |
| Jul-1997 | 4.2 | 9.5 | 7.9 | |
| Aug-1997 | 4.2 | 9.4 | 7.2 | |
| Sep-1997 | 4.2 | 9.5 | 7.4 | |
| Oct-1997 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 7.8 | |
| Nov-1997 | 3.9 | 9.5 | 7 | |
| Dec-1997 | 3.9 | 10 | 7.3 | |
| Jan-1998 | 4 | 9.4 | 7.1 | |
| Feb-1998 | 3.9 | 9.3 | 6.9 | |
| Mar-1998 | 4 | 9.2 | 6.9 | |
| Apr-1998 | 3.7 | 9.1 | 6.7 | |
| May-1998 | 3.8 | 8.9 | 6.9 | |
| Jun-1998 | 3.9 | 8.8 | 7.4 | |
| Jul-1998 | 3.8 | 9.5 | 7.3 | |
| Aug-1998 | 3.9 | 8.8 | 7.4 | |
| Sep-1998 | 3.9 | 9.1 | 7.3 | |
| Oct-1998 | 3.9 | 8.6 | 7.2 | |
| Nov-1998 | 3.8 | 8.6 | 7.1 | |
| Dec-1998 | 3.8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | |
| Jan-1999 | 3.8 | 7.8 | 6.7 | |
| Feb-1999 | 3.8 | 8.2 | 6.7 | |
| Mar-1999 | 3.6 | 8 | 5.8 | |
| Apr-1999 | 3.8 | 7.8 | 7 | |
| May-1999 | 3.7 | 7.4 | 6.7 | |
| Jun-1999 | 3.8 | 7.7 | 6.6 | |
| Jul-1999 | 3.7 | 8.7 | 6.5 | |
| Aug-1999 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 6.5 | |
| Sep-1999 | 3.6 | 8.5 | 6.7 | |
| Oct-1999 | 3.5 | 8.4 | 6.4 | |
| Nov-1999 | 3.5 | 8 | 6 | |
| Dec-1999 | 3.5 | 7.8 | 5.8 | |
| Jan-2000 | 3.4 | 8.2 | 5.6 | |
| Feb-2000 | 3.6 | 8.1 | 5.7 | |
| Mar-2000 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 6.1 | |
| Apr-2000 | 3.4 | 7% | 5.5 | |
| May-2000 | 3.5 | 7.7 | 5.8 | |
| Jun-2000 | 3.4 | 7.8 | 5.6 | |
| Jul-2000 | 3.5 | 7.7 | 5.8 | |
| Aug-2000 | 3.6 | 7.9 | 5.9 | |
| Sep-2000 | 3.5 | 7.3 | 5.8 | |
| Oct-2000 | 3.4% | 7.3 | 5.1 | |
| Nov-2000 | 3.5 | 7.3 | 6 | |
| Dec-2000 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 5.7 | |
| Jan-2001 | 3.6 | 8.2 | 5.8 | |
| Feb-2001 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 6.1 | |
| Mar-2001 | 3.7 | 8.3 | 6.2 | |
| Apr-2001 | 3.9 | 8 | 6.4 | |
| May-2001 | 3.8 | 7.9 | 6.3 | |
| Jun-2001 | 4 | 8.3 | 6.6 | |
| Jul-2001 | 4 | 8 | 6.2 | |
| Aug-2001 | 4.3 | 9.1 | 6.5 | |
| Sep-2001 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 6.7 | |
| Oct-2001 | 4.7 | 9.5 | 7.1 | |
| Nov-2001 | 4.9 | 9.8 | 7.3 | |
| Dec-2001 | 5.1 | 10.1 | 7.7 | |
| Jan-2002 | 5.1 | 10 | 7.8 | |
| Feb-2002 | 5 | 9.9 | 7 | |
| Mar-2002 | 5 | 10.5 | 7.5 | |
| Apr-2002 | 5.2 | 10.7 | 8 | |
| May-2002 | 5.1 | 10.2 | 7.1 | |
| Jun-2002 | 5.1 | 10.5 | 7.4 | |
| Jul-2002 | 5.2 | 9.8 | 7.4 | |
| Aug-2002 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 7.5 | |
| Sep-2002 | 5.1 | 9.7 | 7.4 | |
| Oct-2002 | 5.1 | 9.8 | 7.9 | |
| Nov-2002 | 5.1 | 10.7 | 7.8 | |
| Dec-2002 | 5.1 | 11.3 | 7.9 | |
| Jan-2003 | 5.2 | 10.5 | 7.9 | 5.5 |
| Feb-2003 | 5.1 | 10.7 | 7.7 | 5.8 |
| Mar-2003 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 7.8 | 6.5 |
| Apr-2003 | 5.3 | 10.9 | 7.6 | 6 |
| May-2003 | 5.4 | 10.9 | 8 | 5.5 |
| Jun-2003 | 5.5 | 11.5 | 8.3 | 7.4 |
| Jul-2003 | 5.4 | 10.9 | 8 | 5.9 |
| Aug-2003 | 5.4 | 10.9 | 7.7 | 6 |
| Sep-2003 | 5.3 | 11.1 | 7.3 | 6.4 |
| Oct-2003 | 5.1 | 11.4 | 7.5 | 6.2 |
| Nov-2003 | 5.2 | 10.2 | 7.4 | 5.2 |
| Dec-2003 | 5 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 5.4 |
| Jan-2004 | 5 | 10.4 | 7.3 | 5 |
| Feb-2004 | 4.9 | 9.7 | 7.4 | 4.5 |
| Mar-2004 | 5.1 | 10.3 | 7.6 | 4.3 |
| Apr-2004 | 5 | 9.8 | 7.1 | 4.7 |
| May-2004 | 4.9 | 10.1 | 6.9 | 4.6 |
| Jun-2004 | 5 | 10.2 | 6.6 | 4.6 |
| Jul-2004 | 4.7 | 11 | 6.8 | 3.9 |
| Aug-2004 | 4.7 | 10.5 | 6.8 | 3.7 |
| Sep-2004 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 6.8 | 4.5 |
| Oct-2004 | 4.6 | 10.8 | 6.8 | 4.9 |
| Nov-2004 | 4.6 | 10.7 | 6.7 | 4.1 |
| Dec-2004 | 4.5 | 10.7 | 6.6 | 4.2 |
| Jan-2005 | 4.5 | 10.6 | 6 | 4.1 |
| Feb-2005 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 6.3 | 4.3 |
| Mar-2005 | 4.5 | 10.5 | 5.8 | 3.9 |
| Apr-2005 | 4.4 | 10.3 | 6.4 | 4.2 |
| May-2005 | 4.4 | 10.1 | 6 | 4.2 |
| Jun-2005 | 4.3 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 3.6 |
| Jul-2005 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 4.8 |
| Aug-2005 | 4.2 | 9.7 | 5.8 | 3.7 |
| Sep-2005 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 4.3 |
| Oct-2005 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 6 | 3.2 |
| Nov-2005 | 4.3 | 10.6 | 6.1 | 3.6 |
| Dec-2005 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 6.1 | 3.8 |
| Jan-2006 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 5.5 | 3 |
| Feb-2006 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 5.4 | 3 |
| Mar-2006 | 4 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 3.5 |
| Apr-2006 | 4.1 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 3.9 |
| May-2006 | 4.1 | 8.7 | 5 | 3.3 |
| Jun-2006 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 5.2 | 3.1 |
| Jul-2006 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 2.4 |
| Aug-2006 | 4.1 | 8.8 | 5.3 | 3 |
| Sep-2006 | 3.9 | 9 | 5.5 | 3 |
| Oct-2006 | 3.9 | 8.4 | 4.8% | 2.8 |
| Nov-2006 | 4 | 8.5 | 5.1 | 3.1 |
| Dec-2006 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 5 | 2.5 |
| Jan-2007 | 4.2 | 7.9 | 5.5 | 3.1 |
| Feb-2007 | 4.1 | 8 | 5.1 | 2.6 |
| Mar-2007 | 3.8 | 8.4 | 5 | 3 |
| Apr-2007 | 4 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 3.5 |
| May-2007 | 3.9 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 3.2 |
| Jun-2007 | 4.1 | 8.5 | 5.5 | 2.7 |
| Jul-2007 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 5.9 | 2.7 |
| Aug-2007 | 4.2 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 3.5 |
| Sep-2007 | 4.2 | 8 | 5.9 | 3.4 |
| Oct-2007 | 4.1 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 3.8 |
| Nov-2007 | 4.2 | 8.5 | 5.9 | 3.6 |
| Dec-2007 | 4.4 | 9 | 6.3 | 3.7 |
| Jan-2008 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 6.3 | 3.1 |
| Feb-2008 | 4.4 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 2.9 |
| Mar-2008 | 4.5 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 3.6 |
| Apr-2008 | 4.4 | 8.6 | 7.1 | 3.5 |
| May-2008 | 4.8 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 4.1 |
| Jun-2008 | 5 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 4.2 |
| Jul-2008 | 5.2 | 10 | 7.5 | 3.7 |
| Aug-2008 | 5.4 | 10.6 | 8 | 4.5 |
| Sep-2008 | 5.4 | 11.3 | 8 | 4 |
| Oct-2008 | 5.9 | 11.4 | 8.8 | 3.9 |
| Nov-2008 | 6.2 | 11.5 | 8.7 | 4.8 |
| Dec-2008 | 6.7 | 12.1 | 9.4 | 5.1 |
| Jan-2009 | 7.1 | 12.7 | 10.1 | 6.1 |
| Feb-2009 | 7.6 | 13.7 | 11.3 | 6.7 |
| Mar-2009 | 8 | 13.7 | 11.7 | 6.5 |
| Apr-2009 | 8.1 | 15 | 11.4 | 6.8 |
| May-2009 | 8.5 | 15 | 12.3 | 7 |
| Jun-2009 | 8.7 | 14.8 | 12.1 | 7.9 |
| Jul-2009 | 8.7 | 14.8 | 12.5 | 8.1 |
| Aug-2009 | 8.9 | 16.8% | 13 | 7.6 |
| Sep-2009 | 8.9 | 15.3 | 12.6 | 7.6 |
| Oct-2009 | 9.2 | 15.8 | 12.8 | 7.6 |
| Nov-2009 | 9.2% | 15.7 | 12.4 | 7.2 |
| Dec-2009 | 9 | 16.1 | 12.8 | 8.4 |
| Jan-2010 | 8.8 | 16.5 | 12.9 | 8.3 |
| Feb-2010 | 8.9 | 16.1 | 12.7 | 8.2 |
| Mar-2010 | 8.9 | 16.8 | 13% | 7.6 |
| Apr-2010 | 9 | 16.6 | 12.5 | 7 |
| May-2010 | 8.7 | 15.5 | 12 | 7.8 |
| Jun-2010 | 8.6 | 15.2 | 12.3 | 7.4 |
| Jul-2010 | 8.5 | 15.6 | 12.2 | 7.9 |
| Aug-2010 | 8.6 | 15.9 | 12 | 7.3 |
| Sep-2010 | 8.6 | 16 | 12.3 | 6.6 |
| Oct-2010 | 8.6 | 15.6 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
| Nov-2010 | 8.9 | 16.2 | 12.9 | 7.5 |
| Dec-2010 | 8.5 | 15.5 | 12.9 | 7.2 |
| Jan-2011 | 8.1 | 15.8 | 12.3 | 6.8 |
| Feb-2011 | 8.1 | 15.5 | 11.8 | 6.7 |
| Mar-2011 | 8 | 15.8 | 11.6 | 7.3 |
| Apr-2011 | 8.1 | 16.5 | 11.9 | 6.5 |
| May-2011 | 7.9 | 16.3 | 11.6 | 7.2 |
| Jun-2011 | 8.1 | 16.2 | 11.5 | 6.5 |
| Jul-2011 | 8 | 15.9 | 11.2 | 7.4 |
| Aug-2011 | 7.9 | 16.4 | 11.2 | 7.2 |
| Sep-2011 | 7.9 | 15.9 | 11.2 | 8 |
| Oct-2011 | 7.9 | 14.6 | 11.3 | 7.4 |
| Nov-2011 | 7.7 | 15.6 | 11.2 | 6.4 |
| Dec-2011 | 7.5 | 15.4 | 11.1 | 6.8 |
| Jan-2012 | 7.4 | 13.6 | 10.7 | 6.7 |
| Feb-2012 | 7.4 | 14 | 10.9 | 6.2 |
| Mar-2012 | 7.3 | 14 | 10.6 | 6.4 |
| Apr-2012 | 7.4 | 13.3 | 10.3 | 5.4 |
| May-2012 | 7.4 | 13.5 | 10.9 | 5.5 |
| Jun-2012 | 7.3 | 14.5 | 10.9 | 6.1 |
| Jul-2012 | 7.3 | 14.2 | 10.2 | 5.9 |
| Aug-2012 | 7.2 | 13.8 | 10.1 | 5.9 |
| Sep-2012 | 7 | 13.6 | 9.7 | 4.9 |
| Oct-2012 | 6.9 | 14.1 | 10 | 4.9 |
| Nov-2012 | 6.8 | 13.3 | 9.9 | 6.3 |
| Dec-2012 | 6.9 | 14 | 9.6 | 6.6 |
| Jan-2013 | 7.1 | 13.7 | 9.7 | 6.4 |
| Feb-2013 | 6.8 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 6 |
| Mar-2013 | 6.7 | 13 | 9.3 | 5.1 |
| Apr-2013 | 6.7 | 13.3 | 9 | 5.3 |
| May-2013 | 6.7 | 13.4 | 9 | 4.5 |
| Jun-2013 | 6.6 | 14.2 | 9.1 | 4.7 |
| Jul-2013 | 6.5 | 12.6 | 9.4 | 5.3 |
| Aug-2013 | 6.4 | 12.8 | 9.2 | 5.1 |
| Sep-2013 | 6.3 | 13 | 8.8 | 5.4 |
| Oct-2013 | 6.3 | 12.8 | 9.1 | 5.4 |
| Nov-2013 | 6.1 | 12.3 | 8.7 | 5.2 |
| Dec-2013 | 5.9 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 4.3 |
| Jan-2014 | 5.7 | 12.1 | 8.3 | 4.7 |
| Feb-2014 | 5.8 | 11.8 | 8.2 | 5.9 |
| Mar-2014 | 5.8 | 12.1 | 7.9 | 5.5 |
| Apr-2014 | 5.3 | 11.6 | 7.2 | 5.9 |
| May-2014 | 5.4 | 11.4 | 7.7 | 5.7 |
| Jun-2014 | 5.3 | 11 | 7.8 | 4.7 |
| Jul-2014 | 5.3 | 11.6 | 7.7 | 4.2 |
| Aug-2014 | 5.3 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 4.5 |
| Sep-2014 | 5.1 | 11 | 6.8 | 4.4 |
| Oct-2014 | 4.9 | 10.6 | 6.8 | 5.1 |
| Nov-2014 | 5 | 10.9 | 6.6 | 4.8 |
| Dec-2014 | 4.7 | 10.6 | 6.4 | 4.4 |
| Jan-2015 | 4.9 | 10.3 | 6.7 | 4 |
| Feb-2015 | 4.7 | 10.1 | 6.8 | 4 |
| Mar-2015 | 4.8 | 9.9 | 6.8 | 3.2 |
| Apr-2015 | 4.7 | 9.7 | 6.8 | 4.4 |
| May-2015 | 4.8 | 10.3 | 6.8 | 4.1 |
| Jun-2015 | 4.6 | 9.7 | 6.7 | 3.9 |
| Jul-2015 | 4.5 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 3.9 |
| Aug-2015 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 3.4 |
| Sep-2015 | 4.4 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 3.5 |
| Oct-2015 | 4.4 | 9 | 6.3 | 3.5 |
| Nov-2015 | 4.4 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 3.9 |
| Dec-2015 | 4.4 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 4.1 |
| Jan-2016 | 4.2 | 8.5 | 5.9 | 3.6 |
| Feb-2016 | 4.2 | 8.6 | 5.5 | 3.8 |
| Mar-2016 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 3.9 |
| Apr-2016 | 4.4 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 3.8 |
| May-2016 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 5.7 | 4.1 |
| Jun-2016 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 6 | 3.6 |
| Jul-2016 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 3.8 |
| Aug-2016 | 4.4 | 8 | 5.6 | 4.1 |
| Sep-2016 | 4.4 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 3.8 |
| Oct-2016 | 4.4 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 3.4 |
| Nov-2016 | 4.2 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 3.1 |
| Dec-2016 | 4.2 | 8 | 5.8 | 2.7 |
| Jan-2017 | 4.2 | 7.4 | 5.8 | 3.7 |
| Feb-2017 | 4 | 8 | 5.6 | 3.4 |
| Mar-2017 | 3.9 | 7.9 | 5 | 3.3 |
| Apr-2017 | 3.9 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 3.3 |
| May-2017 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 3.6 |
| Jun-2017 | 3.8 | 7.1 | 5 | 3.7 |
| Jul-2017 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 3.8 |
| Aug-2017 | 3.9 | 7.5 | 5.1 | 3.9 |
| Sep-2017 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 3.6 |
| Oct-2017 | 3.6 | 7.6 | 5 | 3 |
| Nov-2017 | 3.7 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 3 |
| Dec-2017 | 3.7 | 6.9 | 5 | 2.5 |
| Jan-2018 | 3.5 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 3 |
| Feb-2018 | 3.6 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 2.9 |
| Mar-2018 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 3.1 |
| Apr-2018 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 2.9 |
| May-2018 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 2.2 |
| Jun-2018 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 4.6 | 3.3 |
| Jul-2018 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 3.1 |
| Aug-2018 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 4.7 | 2.9 |
| Sep-2018 | 3.3 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 3.5 |
| Oct-2018 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 4.4 | 3.1 |
| Nov-2018 | 3.4 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 2.8 |
| Dec-2018 | 3.4 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 3.3 |
| Jan-2019 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 4.8 | 3 |
| Feb-2019 | 3.2 | 7 | 4.3 | 3.1 |
| Mar-2019 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 3.1 |
| Apr-2019 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 4.1 | 2.3 |
| May-2019 | 3.3 | 6.1 | 4.1 | 2.5 |
| Jun-2019 | 3.3 | 6 | 4.3 | 2.2 |
| Jul-2019 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 2.8 |
| Aug-2019 | 3.4 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 2.8 |
| Sep-2019 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 4 | 2.5 |
| Oct-2019 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 2.9 |
| Nov-2019 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 4.3 | 2.6 |
| Dec-2019 | 3.1 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 2.6 |
| Jan-2020 | 3 | 6.1 | 4.3 | 3.1 |
| Feb-2020 | 3 | 6 | 4.4 | 2.4 |
| Mar-2020 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 6 | 4.1 |
| Apr-2020 | 14.1 | 16.7 | 18.9 | 14.5 |
| May-2020 | 12.3 | 16.7 | 17.6 | 14.9 |
| Jun-2020 | 10.1 | 15.3 | 14.5 | 13.9 |
| Jul-2020 | 9.2 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 11.9 |
| Aug-2020 | 7.4 | 12.8 | 10.5 | 10.6 |
| Sep-2020 | 7 | 12 | 10.3 | 8.8 |
| Oct-2020 | 6 | 10.8 | 8.8 | 7.6 |
| Nov-2020 | 5.9 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 6.7 |
| Dec-2020 | 6 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 5.9 |
| Jan-2021 | 5.7 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 6.6 |
| Feb-2021 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 5.1 |
| Mar-2021 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 7.9 | 6 |
| Apr-2021 | 5.3 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 5.7 |
| May-2021 | 5.1 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 5.5 |
| Jun-2021 | 5.2 | 9.2 | 7.4 | 5.8 |
| Jul-2021 | 4.8 | 8.2 | 6.6 | 5.3 |
| Aug-2021 | 4.5 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 4.6 |
| Sep-2021 | 4.2 | 7.9 | 6.3 | 4.2 |
| Oct-2021 | 4 | 7.9 | 5.9 | 4.2 |
| Nov-2021 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 3.9 |
| Dec-2021 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 3.8 |
| Jan-2022 | 3.4 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 3.6 |
| Feb-2022 | 3.3 | 6.6 | 4.4 | 3.1 |
| Mar-2022 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 2.8 |
| Apr-2022 | 3.2 | 5.9 | 4.1 | 3.1 |
| May-2022 | 3.2 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 2.4 |
| Jun-2022 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 4.3 | 3 |
| Jul-2022 | 3.1 | 6.0 | 3.9 | 2.6 |
| Aug-2022 | 3.2% | 6.4 | 4.5 | 2.8 |
| Sep-2022 | 3.1% | 5.8% | 3.8% | 2.5% |
| Oct-2022 | 3.3% | 5.9% | 4.2% | 2.9% |
| Nov-2022 | 3.3% | 5.7% | 4.0% | 2.6% |
| Dec-2022 | 3.0% | 5.7% | 4.1% | 2.4% |
| Jan-2023 | 3.1% | 5.4% | 4.5% | 2.8% |
| Feb-2023 | 3.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.4% |
| Mar-2023 | 3.2% | 5.0% | 4.6% | 2.8% |
| Apr-2023 | 3.1% | 4.7% | 4.4% | 2.8% |
| May-2023 | 3.3% | 5.6% | 4.0% | 2.9% |
| June-2023 | 3.1% | 6.0% | 4.3% | 3.2% |
| Jul-2023 | 3.1% | 5.8% | 4.4% | 2.3% |
| Aug-2023 | 3.4% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 3.1% |
Notes: AAPI refers to Asian American and Pacific Islander. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Low-point and high-point of each series prior to the recovery from the Great Recession marked.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey, public data series.
Jobs Day
Employment-to-population ratio of workers ages 25–54, by gender, 1989–2023
| Date | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|
| Jan-1989 | 89.9 | 70.5 |
| Feb-1989 | 89.8 | 70.4 |
| Mar-1989 | 89.9 | 70.2 |
| Apr-1989 | 89.7 | 70.3 |
| May-1989 | 89.8 | 70.1 |
| Jun-1989 | 90 | 70.1 |
| Jul-1989 | 89.9 | 70 |
| Aug-1989 | 90 | 70.2 |
| Sep-1989 | 89.7 | 70.7 |
| Oct-1989 | 89.8 | 70.5 |
| Nov-1989 | 89.9 | 70.8 |
| Dec-1989 | 90 | 70.7 |
| Jan-1990 | 89.9 | 70.9 |
| Feb-1990 | 90.1 | 70.8 |
| Mar-1990 | 89.8 | 70.8 |
| Apr-1990 | 89.4 | 70.7 |
| May-1990 | 89.3 | 70.8 |
| Jun-1990 | 89.3 | 70.6 |
| Jul-1990 | 89 | 70.6 |
| Aug-1990 | 88.9 | 70.5 |
| Sep-1990 | 88.7 | 70.5 |
| Oct-1990 | 88.6 | 70.4 |
| Nov-1990 | 88.5 | 70.2 |
| Dec-1990 | 88.1 | 70.1 |
| Jan-1991 | 88.2 | 69.9 |
| Feb-1991 | 88 | 70.1 |
| Mar-1991 | 87.7 | 70 |
| Apr-1991 | 87.9 | 70.3 |
| May-1991 | 87.4 | 70.1 |
| Jun-1991 | 87.5 | 70.2 |
| Jul-1991 | 87.5 | 70.1 |
| Aug-1991 | 87.4 | 70 |
| Sep-1991 | 87.5 | 70.1 |
| Oct-1991 | 87.2 | 70 |
| Nov-1991 | 87.1 | 70 |
| Dec-1991 | 86.9 | 69.9 |
| Jan-1992 | 86.9 | 70.1 |
| Feb-1992 | 86.6 | 70 |
| Mar-1992 | 86.8 | 70 |
| Apr-1992 | 86.9 | 70.2 |
| May-1992 | 86.8 | 70.3 |
| Jun-1992 | 86.9 | 70.3 |
| Jul-1992 | 86.9 | 70.2 |
| Aug-1992 | 86.9 | 70.2 |
| Sep-1992 | 86.8 | 70.1 |
| Oct-1992 | 86.7 | 70 |
| Nov-1992 | 86.6 | 70.1 |
| Dec-1992 | 86.7 | 69.9 |
| Jan-1993 | 86.8 | 69.9 |
| Feb-1993 | 86.7 | 69.9 |
| Mar-1993 | 86.5 | 70.3 |
| Apr-1993 | 86.8 | 69.9 |
| May-1993 | 87 | 70.2 |
| Jun-1993 | 87.1 | 70.4 |
| Jul-1993 | 87.1 | 70.4 |
| Aug-1993 | 87.2 | 70.6 |
| Sep-1993 | 87.1 | 70.5 |
| Oct-1993 | 87.1 | 70.5 |
| Nov-1993 | 87.5 | 70.7 |
| Dec-1993 | 87.4 | 71 |
| Jan-1994 | 87.1 | 71 |
| Feb-1994 | 86.8 | 71.3 |
| Mar-1994 | 87 | 71.1 |
| Apr-1994 | 87.1 | 71.2 |
| May-1994 | 87.3 | 71.3 |
| Jun-1994 | 87 | 70.9 |
| Jul-1994 | 87 | 71.4 |
| Aug-1994 | 87 | 71.7 |
| Sep-1994 | 87.4 | 72.1 |
| Oct-1994 | 87.5 | 71.9 |
| Nov-1994 | 87.9 | 72 |
| Dec-1994 | 88 | 71.8 |
| Jan-1995 | 87.9 | 71.8 |
| Feb-1995 | 88.1 | 72.2 |
| Mar-1995 | 87.9 | 72.1 |
| Apr-1995 | 87.7 | 72.2 |
| May-1995 | 87.6 | 72.1 |
| Jun-1995 | 87.6 | 71.7 |
| Jul-1995 | 87.5 | 72.2 |
| Aug-1995 | 87.4 | 72.1 |
| Sep-1995 | 87.6 | 72.3 |
| Oct-1995 | 87.6 | 72.3 |
| Nov-1995 | 87.2 | 72.6 |
| Dec-1995 | 87.2 | 72.4 |
| Jan-1996 | 87.5 | 72.4 |
| Feb-1996 | 87.7 | 72.4 |
| Mar-1996 | 87.5 | 72.6 |
| Apr-1996 | 87.5 | 72.6 |
| May-1996 | 87.6 | 72.5 |
| Jun-1996 | 87.8 | 72.7 |
| Jul-1996 | 88.1 | 72.9 |
| Aug-1996 | 88.4 | 73 |
| Sep-1996 | 88.1 | 73 |
| Oct-1996 | 88.3 | 73.1 |
| Nov-1996 | 88.2 | 73 |
| Dec-1996 | 88.3 | 73 |
| Jan-1997 | 88.2 | 73.2 |
| Feb-1997 | 88.2 | 72.9 |
| Mar-1997 | 88.2 | 73.3 |
| Apr-1997 | 88.1 | 73.5 |
| May-1997 | 88.1 | 73.3 |
| Jun-1997 | 88.4 | 73.6 |
| Jul-1997 | 88.6 | 73.9 |
| Aug-1997 | 88.7 | 74.1 |
| Sep-1997 | 88.6 | 73.9 |
| Oct-1997 | 88.6 | 73.8 |
| Nov-1997 | 88.7 | 73.6 |
| Dec-1997 | 88.6 | 73.6 |
| Jan-1998 | 88.8 | 73.4 |
| Feb-1998 | 88.9 | 73.4 |
| Mar-1998 | 88.8 | 73.5 |
| Apr-1998 | 88.9 | 73.5 |
| May-1998 | 88.8 | 73.4 |
| Jun-1998 | 88.7 | 73.6 |
| Jul-1998 | 88.7 | 73.8 |
| Aug-1998 | 88.8 | 73.9 |
| Sep-1998 | 88.8 | 74 |
| Oct-1998 | 88.8 | 73.7 |
| Nov-1998 | 89.1 | 73.7 |
| Dec-1998 | 88.9 | 74 |
| Jan-1999 | 89.7 | 74.3 |
| Feb-1999 | 89.2 | 74.1 |
| Mar-1999 | 89.2 | 73.8 |
| Apr-1999 | 89.1 | 73.8 |
| May-1999 | 88.9 | 74.1 |
| Jun-1999 | 88.8 | 74.2 |
| Jul-1999 | 88.8 | 73.8 |
| Aug-1999 | 88.7 | 74.1 |
| Sep-1999 | 88.6 | 74.3 |
| Oct-1999 | 88.7 | 74.5 |
| Nov-1999 | 89 | 74.5 |
| Dec-1999 | 89 | 74.3 |
| Jan-2000 | 89.5 | 74.4 |
| Feb-2000 | 89.4 | 74.5 |
| Mar-2000 | 89.3 | 74.5 |
| Apr-2000 | 89.2 | 74.9 |
| May-2000 | 89 | 74.4 |
| Jun-2000 | 89.1 | 74.2 |
| Jul-2000 | 88.9 | 73.9 |
| Aug-2000 | 88.9 | 73.6 |
| Sep-2000 | 88.6 | 73.9 |
| Oct-2000 | 88.6 | 73.9 |
| Nov-2000 | 88.8 | 74.1 |
| Dec-2000 | 88.9 | 74.1 |
| Jan-2001 | 88.9 | 74.2 |
| Feb-2001 | 88.8 | 74.2 |
| Mar-2001 | 88.5 | 74.3 |
| Apr-2001 | 88.3 | 73.7 |
| May-2001 | 88.3 | 73.7 |
| Jun-2001 | 88.1 | 73.4 |
| Jul-2001 | 87.9 | 73.4 |
| Aug-2001 | 87.6 | 73.2 |
| Sep-2001 | 87.6 | 73.1 |
| Oct-2001 | 87.4 | 72.7 |
| Nov-2001 | 87 | 72.6 |
| Dec-2001 | 87.1 | 72.6 |
| Jan-2002 | 86.8 | 72.5 |
| Feb-2002 | 87.1 | 72.7 |
| Mar-2002 | 87 | 72.5 |
| Apr-2002 | 86.8 | 72.5 |
| May-2002 | 86.9 | 72.2 |
| Jun-2002 | 86.5 | 72.1 |
| Jul-2002 | 86.5 | 71.9 |
| Aug-2002 | 86.8 | 72.1 |
| Sep-2002 | 86.8 | 72.2 |
| Oct-2002 | 86.6 | 72.1 |
| Nov-2002 | 85.9 | 71.9 |
| Dec-2002 | 86 | 72.2 |
| Jan-2003 | 85.6 | 72.4 |
| Feb-2003 | 85.9 | 72.1 |
| Mar-2003 | 85.8 | 72.4 |
| Apr-2003 | 85.9 | 72.4 |
| May-2003 | 85.7 | 72.2 |
| Jun-2003 | 85.8 | 72.3 |
| Jul-2003 | 85.8 | 71.9 |
| Aug-2003 | 85.7 | 72 |
| Sep-2003 | 85.9 | 71.6 |
| Oct-2003 | 85.9 | 71.6 |
| Nov-2003 | 86 | 71.7 |
| Dec-2003 | 86.4 | 71.4 |
| Jan-2004 | 86.4 | 71.6 |
| Feb-2004 | 86.2 | 71.7 |
| Mar-2004 | 86 | 71.8 |
| Apr-2004 | 86.2 | 71.8 |
| May-2004 | 86.3 | 71.9 |
| Jun-2004 | 86.5 | 71.9 |
| Jul-2004 | 86.7 | 71.9 |
| Aug-2004 | 86.5 | 71.8 |
| Sep-2004 | 86.4 | 71.9 |
| Oct-2004 | 86.3 | 71.9 |
| Nov-2004 | 86.5 | 72 |
| Dec-2004 | 86.2 | 71.8 |
| Jan-2005 | 86.5 | 72 |
| Feb-2005 | 86.7 | 71.9 |
| Mar-2005 | 86.8 | 71.8 |
| Apr-2005 | 87 | 72 |
| May-2005 | 87.1 | 72.1 |
| Jun-2005 | 87 | 71.7 |
| Jul-2005 | 87 | 71.9 |
| Aug-2005 | 87.4 | 72.1 |
| Sep-2005 | 87 | 72.1 |
| Oct-2005 | 87 | 71.9 |
| Nov-2005 | 86.8 | 71.9 |
| Dec-2005 | 86.7 | 72.1 |
| Jan-2006 | 87.2 | 72.2 |
| Feb-2006 | 87.1 | 72.4 |
| Mar-2006 | 87.4 | 72.3 |
| Apr-2006 | 87.2 | 72.1 |
| May-2006 | 87.2 | 72.3 |
| Jun-2006 | 87.2 | 72.5 |
| Jul-2006 | 87.1 | 72.7 |
| Aug-2006 | 87.1 | 72.6 |
| Sep-2006 | 87.4 | 72.5 |
| Oct-2006 | 87.4 | 72.9 |
| Nov-2006 | 87.5 | 72.7 |
| Dec-2006 | 87.7 | 72.7 |
| Jan-2007 | 88 | 72.8 |
| Feb-2007 | 87.9 | 72.6 |
| Mar-2007 | 88 | 72.7 |
| Apr-2007 | 87.9 | 72.2 |
| May-2007 | 87.7 | 72.5 |
| Jun-2007 | 87.5 | 72.5 |
| Jul-2007 | 87.3 | 72.4 |
| Aug-2007 | 87.2 | 72.6 |
| Sep-2007 | 87.1 | 72.5 |
| Oct-2007 | 86.9 | 72.4 |
| Nov-2007 | 87.2 | 72.5 |
| Dec-2007 | 87.2 | 72.4 |
| Jan-2008 | 87.4 | 72.7 |
| Feb-2008 | 87.4 | 72.6 |
| Mar-2008 | 87.1 | 72.6 |
| Apr-2008 | 86.7 | 72.7 |
| May-2008 | 86.5 | 72.6 |
| Jun-2008 | 86.3 | 72.6 |
| Jul-2008 | 86.2 | 72.4 |
| Aug-2008 | 85.8 | 72.1 |
| Sep-2008 | 85.4 | 72.3 |
| Oct-2008 | 85.2 | 71.9 |
| Nov-2008 | 84.7 | 71.7 |
| Dec-2008 | 83.7 | 71.6 |
| Jan-2009 | 83.1 | 71.1 |
| Feb-2009 | 82.5 | 71 |
| Mar-2009 | 82 | 70.6 |
| Apr-2009 | 81.8 | 70.7 |
| May-2009 | 81.5 | 70.4 |
| Jun-2009 | 81.5 | 70.4 |
| Jul-2009 | 81.3 | 70.4 |
| Aug-2009 | 81.2 | 70 |
| Sep-2009 | 80.8 | 69.5 |
| Oct-2009 | 80.8 | 69.4 |
| Nov-2009 | 80.7 | 69.8 |
| Dec-2009 | 80.4 | 69.2 |
| Jan-2010 | 80.7 | 69.8 |
| Feb-2010 | 80.6 | 69.7 |
| Mar-2010 | 80.8 | 69.5 |
| Apr-2010 | 81.3 | 69.6 |
| May-2010 | 81.1 | 69.3 |
| Jun-2010 | 81.1 | 69.5 |
| Jul-2010 | 81.1 | 69.1 |
| Aug-2010 | 81.2 | 69 |
| Sep-2010 | 81.2 | 69.1 |
| Oct-2010 | 81.1 | 69 |
| Nov-2010 | 80.7 | 69.1 |
| Dec-2010 | 80.8 | 69.4 |
| Jan-2011 | 81.2 | 69.3 |
| Feb-2011 | 81.4 | 69 |
| Mar-2011 | 81.4 | 69.3 |
| Apr-2011 | 81.2 | 69.1 |
| May-2011 | 81.6 | 68.9 |
| Jun-2011 | 81.3 | 68.8 |
| Jul-2011 | 81.1 | 69 |
| Aug-2011 | 81.4 | 68.9 |
| Sep-2011 | 81.3 | 68.7 |
| Oct-2011 | 81.1 | 68.9 |
| Nov-2011 | 81.9 | 68.8 |
| Dec-2011 | 82.1 | 68.9 |
| Jan-2012 | 82.5 | 68.9 |
| Feb-2012 | 82.4 | 68.9 |
| Mar-2012 | 82.5 | 69.2 |
| Apr-2012 | 82.5 | 69.1 |
| May-2012 | 82.5 | 69.2 |
| Jun-2012 | 82.6 | 69 |
| Jul-2012 | 82.4 | 69.1 |
| Aug-2012 | 82.4 | 69.2 |
| Sep-2012 | 82.7 | 69.5 |
| Oct-2012 | 82.9 | 69.6 |
| Nov-2012 | 82.5 | 69.4 |
| Dec-2012 | 82.8 | 69.4 |
| Jan-2013 | 82.6 | 68.9 |
| Feb-2013 | 82.8 | 69 |
| Mar-2013 | 82.8 | 69 |
| Apr-2013 | 82.8 | 69.1 |
| May-2013 | 83 | 69.3 |
| Jun-2013 | 82.9 | 69.2 |
| Jul-2013 | 82.9 | 69.4 |
| Aug-2013 | 82.6 | 69.6 |
| Sep-2013 | 82.6 | 69.6 |
| Oct-2013 | 82.4 | 69 |
| Nov-2013 | 83 | 69.3 |
| Dec-2013 | 83 | 69.5 |
| Jan-2014 | 83.2 | 69.8 |
| Feb-2014 | 83 | 70.1 |
| Mar-2014 | 83.5 | 69.8 |
| Apr-2014 | 83.2 | 69.9 |
| May-2014 | 83.3 | 69.8 |
| Jun-2014 | 83.8 | 70.2 |
| Jul-2014 | 83.8 | 69.8 |
| Aug-2014 | 83.9 | 70.1 |
| Sep-2014 | 84.1 | 69.8 |
| Oct-2014 | 84 | 70.1 |
| Nov-2014 | 83.9 | 70.3 |
| Dec-2014 | 84.2 | 70.3 |
| Jan-2015 | 84.3 | 70.2 |
| Feb-2015 | 84.3 | 70.3 |
| Mar-2015 | 84.5 | 70 |
| Apr-2015 | 84.4 | 70.2 |
| May-2015 | 84.3 | 70.4 |
| Jun-2015 | 84.5 | 70.5 |
| Jul-2015 | 84.4 | 70.1 |
| Aug-2015 | 84.6 | 70.2 |
| Sep-2015 | 84.6 | 70.2 |
| Oct-2015 | 84.4 | 70.3 |
| Nov-2015 | 84.4 | 70.7 |
| Dec-2015 | 84.5 | 70.6 |
| Jan-2016 | 84.9 | 70.7 |
| Feb-2016 | 84.9 | 70.8 |
| Mar-2016 | 85.2 | 70.9 |
| Apr-2016 | 84.8 | 70.9 |
| May-2016 | 84.9 | 71 |
| Jun-2016 | 85.1 | 71 |
| Jul-2016 | 84.9 | 71.4 |
| Aug-2016 | 84.9 | 71.1 |
| Sep-2016 | 84.9 | 71.4 |
| Oct-2016 | 85 | 71.5 |
| Nov-2016 | 85 | 71.4 |
| Dec-2016 | 85 | 71.4 |
| Jan-2017 | 85.3 | 71.3 |
| Feb-2017 | 85.1 | 71.6 |
| Mar-2017 | 85.2 | 72 |
| Apr-2017 | 85.4 | 72 |
| May-2017 | 85.3 | 71.9 |
| Jun-2017 | 85.3 | 72.2 |
| Jul-2017 | 85.3 | 72.4 |
| Aug-2017 | 85 | 72.1 |
| Sep-2017 | 85.6 | 72.5 |
| Oct-2017 | 85.6 | 72.2 |
| Nov-2017 | 85.6 | 72.5 |
| Dec-2017 | 86 | 72.2 |
| Jan-2018 | 85.9 | 72.1 |
| Feb-2018 | 86.4 | 72.3 |
| Mar-2018 | 86.2 | 72.4 |
| Apr-2018 | 86.3 | 72.2 |
| May-2018 | 86.3 | 72.5 |
| Jun-2018 | 86.1 | 72.8 |
| Jul-2018 | 86.3 | 73.1 |
| Aug-2018 | 86 | 72.9 |
| Sep-2018 | 85.9 | 73.1 |
| Oct-2018 | 86.2 | 73.4 |
| Nov-2018 | 86.3 | 73.1 |
| Dec-2018 | 86 | 73.3 |
| Jan-2019 | 86.4 | 73.3 |
| Feb-2019 | 86.5 | 73.3 |
| Mar-2019 | 86.7 | 73.1 |
| Apr-2019 | 86.4 | 73.2 |
| May-2019 | 86.3 | 73.3 |
| Jun-2019 | 86.1 | 73.6 |
| Jul-2019 | 86.2 | 73.2 |
| Aug-2019 | 86.3 | 74 |
| Sep-2019 | 86.4 | 74.2 |
| Oct-2019 | 86.5 | 74.4 |
| Nov-2019 | 86.7 | 74.1 |
| Dec-2019 | 86.5 | 74.5 |
| Jan-2020 | 86.6 | 74.6 |
| Feb-2020 | 86.4 | 74.5 |
| Mar-2020 | 85.8 | 73.3 |
| Apr-2020 | 76 | 63.4 |
| May-2020 | 77.9 | 64.9 |
| Jun-2020 | 79.6 | 67.7 |
| Jul-2020 | 79.9 | 68.1 |
| Aug-2020 | 81.6 | 69.3 |
| Sep-2020 | 81.5 | 68.9 |
| Oct-2020 | 82.1 | 70.1 |
| Nov-2020 | 81.9 | 70.2 |
| Dec-2020 | 82.3 | 70.4 |
| Jan-2021 | 82.5 | 70.4 |
| Feb-2021 | 82.6 | 70.6 |
| Mar-2021 | 82.8 | 71 |
| Apr-2021 | 82.9 | 71.1 |
| May-2021 | 82.9 | 71.3 |
| Jun-2021 | 83.2 | 71.4 |
| Jul-2021 | 83.8 | 71.9 |
| Aug-2021 | 84 | 72 |
| Sep-2021 | 84.1 | 72 |
| Oct-2021 | 84.5 | 72.2 |
| Nov-2021 | 84.8 | 72.9 |
| Dec-2021 | 85.0 | 73.2 |
| Jan-2022 | 85.1 | 73.3 |
| Feb-2022 | 85.9 | 73.2 |
| Mar-2022 | 86.1 | 74.1 |
| Apr-2022 | 86.0 | 73.9 |
| May-2022 | 86 | 74.1 |
| Jun-2022 | 85.8 | 73.9 |
| Jul-2022 | 85.9 | 74.2 |
| Aug-2022 | 85.9 | 74.8 |
| Sep-2022 | 86.2 | 74.4 |
| Oct-2022 | 85.7 | 74 |
| Nov-2022 | 85.7 | 73.8 |
| Dec-2022 | 86.1 | 74.1 |
| Jan-2023 | 85.8 | 74.7 |
| Feb-2023 | 86.2 | 74.8 |
| Mar-2023 | 86.5 | 74.9 |
| Apr-2023 | 86.4 | 75.1 |
| May-2023 | 86.4 | 75.1 |
| Jun-2023 | 86.5 | 75.3 |
| Jul-2023 | 86.6 | 75.3 |
| Aug-2023 | 86.4 | 75.3 |
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.