Economic Indicators Jobs and unemployment

Key numbers • May

4.2% National unemployment rate
139,000 Net jobs in April
80.5% Share of prime working-age population with a job
-59,000 Net federal jobs since January 2025

May

Jobs report: May jobs report sends mixed signals: Solid payroll gains contrast with a weaker household survey and a continued decline in federal government employment

By EPI Staff • June 6, 2025 Next update: July 3rd, 2025

Below, EPI economists offer their insights on the jobs report released this morning, which showed 139,000 jobs added in May. 

From EPI senior economist, Elise Gould:

Read the full thread here.

The latest BLS data out this morning suggests the labor market remains relatively resilient compared to softer measures though the household survey shows some signs of weakness.
– payroll jobs up 139k
– federal jobs down 22k
– labor force participation down 625k
#EconSky #NumbersDay @epi.org

[image or embed]

— Elise Gould (@elisegould.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:47 AM

Payroll employment increased 139k in May, though there were notable downward revisions the past two months, a total of 95k fewer jobs in March and April than originally reported. Job growth was strong in health care and leisure and hospitality. The federal government lost 22k jobs in May.
#EconSky

[image or embed]

— Elise Gould (@elisegould.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:57 AM

Employment in the federal govt fell 22k in April, down 59k since Jan. Even as bad as this is, the devastation to the federal workforce has yet to be fully realized because many workers are on administration leave and more recent federal UI claims data suggest further cutbacks.
#EconSky #NumbersDay

[image or embed]

— Elise Gould (@elisegould.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 8:03 AM

From EPI president Heidi Shierholz:

Read the full thread here.

Another “tale of two surveys” for #JobsDay. The payroll survey was solid—139k jobs added—while the household survey showed a huge drop in employment, -696k. (The unemp rate didn’t rise because the drop in employment was masked by people dropping out of the labor force.) 1/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:45 AM

Remember that when the surveys are telling different stories, the rule of thumb is to put more weight on what the payroll survey says, since it is a much bigger survey. 2/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:53 AM

That said, the weak household survey could be giving us a glimpse of what the future holds, as the impact of Trump’s foolish, cruel, chaotic policies begin to have real effects on the economy. 3/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:53 AM

It’s worth noting that while the payroll survey was indeed solid, it nevertheless slowed, and there were downward revisions to prior data. Last #JobsDay, the three-month moving average was 155k. Today, it was 135k, a sizeable drop. 4/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 8:05 AM

Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics releases a report on the employment situation for the previous month. Their release includes data on job growth, unemployment, and wage growth, which gives us a snapshot of the health of the economy and whether it’s working for ordinary Americans.

Below, EPI economists offer their insights on the jobs report released this morning, which showed 139,000 jobs added in May. 

From EPI senior economist, Elise Gould:

Read the full thread here.

The latest BLS data out this morning suggests the labor market remains relatively resilient compared to softer measures though the household survey shows some signs of weakness.
– payroll jobs up 139k
– federal jobs down 22k
– labor force participation down 625k
#EconSky #NumbersDay @epi.org

[image or embed]

— Elise Gould (@elisegould.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:47 AM

Payroll employment increased 139k in May, though there were notable downward revisions the past two months, a total of 95k fewer jobs in March and April than originally reported. Job growth was strong in health care and leisure and hospitality. The federal government lost 22k jobs in May.
#EconSky

[image or embed]

— Elise Gould (@elisegould.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:57 AM

Employment in the federal govt fell 22k in April, down 59k since Jan. Even as bad as this is, the devastation to the federal workforce has yet to be fully realized because many workers are on administration leave and more recent federal UI claims data suggest further cutbacks.
#EconSky #NumbersDay

[image or embed]

— Elise Gould (@elisegould.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 8:03 AM

From EPI president Heidi Shierholz:

Read the full thread here.

Another “tale of two surveys” for #JobsDay. The payroll survey was solid—139k jobs added—while the household survey showed a huge drop in employment, -696k. (The unemp rate didn’t rise because the drop in employment was masked by people dropping out of the labor force.) 1/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:45 AM

Remember that when the surveys are telling different stories, the rule of thumb is to put more weight on what the payroll survey says, since it is a much bigger survey. 2/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:53 AM

That said, the weak household survey could be giving us a glimpse of what the future holds, as the impact of Trump’s foolish, cruel, chaotic policies begin to have real effects on the economy. 3/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 7:53 AM

It’s worth noting that while the payroll survey was indeed solid, it nevertheless slowed, and there were downward revisions to prior data. Last #JobsDay, the three-month moving average was 155k. Today, it was 135k, a sizeable drop. 4/

— Heidi Shierholz (@hshierholz.bsky.social) Jun 6, 2025 at 8:05 AM

 

Charting jobs and unemployment

Current Employment Statistics Charts

The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, also known as the establishment survey, is a monthly survey administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) which provides estimates of employment, hours, and earnings based on payroll records of approximately 131,000 businesses and government agencies. 

Jobs day

Monthly change in payroll employment, January 2023–May 2025

Date Change in Employment
Jan-2023 444
Feb-2023 306
Mar-2023 85
Apr-2023 216
May-2023 227
Jun-2023 257
Jul-2023 148
Aug-2023 157
Sep-2023 158
Oct-2023 186
Nov-2023 141
Dec-2023 269
Jan-2024 119
Feb-2024 222
Mar-2024 246
Apr-2024 118
May-2024 193
Jun-2024 87
Jul-2024 88
Aug-2024 71
Sep-2024 240
Oct-2024 44
Nov-2024 261
Dec-2024 323
Jan-2025 111
Feb-2025 102
Mar-2025 120
Apr-2025 147
May-2025 139

 

ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.

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Figure

Month-over-month change in federal worker employment, 2019–2025

Date Change in employment
Jan-2019 0
Feb-2019 2
Mar-2019 1
Apr-2019 16
May-2019 2
Jun-2019 4
Jul-2019 -4
Aug-2019 25
Sep-2019 -2
Oct-2019 -15
Nov-2019 5
Dec-2019 -5
Jan-2020 18
Feb-2020 2
Mar-2020 19
Apr-2020 -1
May-2020 1
Jun-2020 7
Jul-2020 25
Aug-2020 248
Sep-2020 -33
Oct-2020 -142
Nov-2020 -89
Dec-2020 5
Jan-2021 -11
Feb-2021 -4
Mar-2021 3
Apr-2021 10
May-2021 -8
Jun-2021 1
Jul-2021 0
Aug-2021 -1
Sep-2021 -1
Oct-2021 -10
Nov-2021 12
Dec-2021 -7
Jan-2022 -3
Feb-2022 -4
Mar-2022 -5
Apr-2022 -2
May-2022 -4
Jun-2022 -11
Jul-2022 10
Aug-2022 -3
Sep-2022 4
Oct-2022 6
Nov-2022 6
Dec-2022 -2
Jan-2023 9
Feb-2023 8
Mar-2023 7
Apr-2023 8
May-2023 9
Jun-2023 9
Jul-2023 5
Aug-2023 14
Sep-2023 6
Oct-2023 7
Nov-2023 2
Dec-2023 9
Jan-2024 11
Feb-2024 8
Mar-2024 12
Apr-2024 -2
May-2024 3
Jun-2024 2
Jul-2024 2
Aug-2024 2
Sep-2024 4
Oct-2024 3
Nov-2024 -2
Dec-2024 3
Jan-2025 3
Feb 2025 -13
Mar-2025 -11
Apr-2025 -13
May-2025 -22
ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.

 

Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website.

Figure

Employment change by industry (thousands) between April 2025 and May 2025

Industry Employment change with shortcode
Health care 62
Leisure and hospitality 48
State/Local government 21
Social assistance 16
Financial activities 13
Educational services 9
Other services 9
Transportation and warehousing 6
Construction 4
Wholesale trade 2
Information 2
Utilities 2
Mining and logging -1
Retail services -6
Manufacturing -8
Professional and business services -18
Federal Government -22
ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.

Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website.

Jobs day

Nominal wage growth in average hourly earnings for all workers, year over year change, three-month change annualized, and one-month change annualized

date Year-over-year change Three-month change, annualized One-month change, annualized 
Jan-2019 3.2% 3.3% 1.8%
Feb-2019 3.6% 4.0% 5.3%
Mar-2019 3.5% 3.7% 4.0%
Apr-2019 3.2% 2.8% -0.9%
May-2019 3.3% 2.2% 3.5%
Jun-2019 3.4% 2.2% 3.9%
Jul-2019 3.4% 3.5% 3.0%
Aug-2019 3.4% 3.9% 4.8%
Sep-2019 3.1% 3.2% 1.7%
Oct-2019 3.1% 3.0% 2.6%
Nov-2019 3.3% 3.2% 5.2%
Dec-2019 3.0% 2.9% 0.8%
Jan-2020 3.1% 3.0% 3.0%
Feb-2020 3.0% 2.9% 4.7%
Mar-2020 3.5% 5.8% 9.6%
Apr-2020 8.0% 24.0% 65.9%
May-2020 6.7% 17.4% -11.0%
Jun-2020 5.1% 8.8% -12.9%
Jul-2020 4.9% -8.1% 0.0%
Aug-2020 4.8% -3.2% 4.2%
Sep-2020 4.8% 1.8% 1.2%
Oct-2020 4.6% 2.2% 1.2%
Nov-2020 4.5% 2.1% 3.7%
Dec-2020 5.4% 5.4% 11.5%
Jan-2021 5.2% 5.4% 1.2%
Feb-2021 5.3% 5.9% 5.3%
Mar-2021 4.5% 2.2% 0.0%
Apr-2021 0.7% 3.8% 6.2%
May-2021 2.3% 4.5% 7.4%
Jun-2021 3.9% 6.5% 6.1%
Jul-2021 4.3% 6.0% 4.4%
Aug-2021 4.4% 5.1% 4.8%
Sep-2021 4.9% 5.5% 7.3%
Oct-2021 5.5% 6.7% 8.0%
Nov-2021 5.4% 6.3% 3.5%
Dec-2021 5.0% 5.9% 6.3%
Jan-2022 5.7% 6.3% 9.2%
Feb-2022 5.3% 5.4% 0.8%
Mar-2022 5.9% 5.7% 7.4%
Apr-2022 5.8% 4.1% 4.2%
May-2022 5.6% 5.5% 5.0%
Jun-2022 5.4% 4.6% 4.6%
Jul-2022 5.5% 4.8% 5.0%
Aug-2022 5.4% 4.6% 4.2%
Sep-2022 5.1% 4.3% 3.8%
Oct-2022 5.0% 4.7% 6.1%
Nov-2022 5.1% 4.9% 4.9%
Dec-2022 4.9% 5.0% 4.1%
Jan-2023 4.6% 4.6% 4.8%
Feb-2023 4.7% 4.0% 2.9%
Mar-2023 4.6% 4.6% 5.9%
Apr-2023 4.7% 4.6% 4.8%
May-2023 4.6% 4.8% 3.6%
Jun-2023 4.7% 4.8% 5.9%
Jul-2023 4.7% 4.9% 5.1%
Aug-2023 4.5% 4.5% 2.5%
Sep-2023 4.5% 3.7% 3.6%
Oct-2023 4.3% 3.1% 3.2%
Nov-2023 4.3% 3.8% 4.7%
Dec-2023 4.3% 3.9% 3.9%
Jan-2024 4.4% 4.9% 6.1%
Feb-2024 4.3% 3.9%  1.8%
Mar-2024 4.1% 4.1%  4.6% 
Apr-2024 3.9% 2.8% 2.1% 
May-2024 4.0% 3.8% 4.6%
Jun-2024 3.8% 3.5% 3.9% 
Jul-2024 3.6% 3.7% 2.8%
Aug-2024 3.9% 4.0% 5.3%
Sep-2024 3.9% 3.9% 3.8%
Oct-2024 4.1% 4.8% 5.2%
Nov-2024 4.2% 4.4% 4.5%
Dec-2024 4.0% 4.0% 2.4%
Jan-2025 3.9% 4.0% 5.2%
Feb-2025 3.9% 3.3% 2.4%
Mar-2025 3.9% 3.9%  4.1% 
Apr-2025 3.9%  2.9%  2.4% 
May-2025 3.9% 3.8% 5.1%
ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics public data series

 

Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website.

Jobs Day

Year-over-year change in private-sector nominal average hourly earnings, 2007–2025

date All nonfarm employees Production/nonsupervisory workers
Mar-2007 3.4% 4.1%
Apr-2007 3.1% 3.8%
May-2007 3.5% 4.1%
Jun-2007 3.6% 4.1%
Jul-2007 3.2% 4.1%
Aug-2007 3.3% 4.0%
Sep-2007 3.1% 4.0%
Oct-2007 3.2% 3.8%
Nov-2007 3.1% 3.8%
Dec-2007 2.8% 3.7%
Jan-2008 2.9% 3.8%
Feb-2008 2.9% 3.7%
Mar-2008 3.0% 3.8%
Apr-2008 2.9% 3.8%
May-2008 3.0% 3.7%
Jun-2008 2.7% 3.6%
Jul-2008 3.2% 3.7%
Aug-2008 3.3% 3.9%
Sep-2008 3.3% 3.7%
Oct-2008 3.3% 3.8%
Nov-2008 3.5% 3.9%
Dec-2008 3.7% 4.0%
Jan-2009 3.6% 3.7%
Feb-2009 3.3% 3.6%
Mar-2009 3.3% 3.5%
Apr-2009 3.4% 3.3%
May-2009 3.0% 3.1%
Jun-2009 2.9% 2.9%
Jul-2009 2.6% 2.7%
Aug-2009 2.4% 2.7%
Sep-2009 2.5% 2.7%
Oct-2009 2.5% 2.7%
Nov-2009 2.2% 2.7%
Dec-2009 2.0% 2.4%
Jan-2010 2.0% 2.7%
Feb-2010 2.2% 2.5%
Mar-2010 1.9% 2.3%
Apr-2010 1.8% 2.4%
May-2010 1.8% 2.6%
Jun-2010 1.8% 2.5%
Jul-2010 1.8% 2.4%
Aug-2010 1.8% 2.4%
Sep-2010 1.8% 2.2%
Oct-2010 1.9% 2.5%
Nov-2010 1.8% 2.2%
Dec-2010 1.7% 2.1%
Jan-2011 2.1% 2.4%
Feb-2011 1.8% 2.1%
Mar-2011 1.8% 2.0%
Apr-2011 1.9% 2.1%
May-2011 2.0% 2.1%
Jun-2011 2.1% 2.0%
Jul-2011 2.3% 2.3%
Aug-2011 2.0% 1.9%
Sep-2011 1.9% 2.0%
Oct-2011 1.9% 1.8%
Nov-2011 2.0% 1.8%
Dec-2011 2.0% 1.8%
Jan-2012 1.7% 1.3%
Feb-2012 1.8% 1.4%
Mar-2012 2.1% 1.8%
Apr-2012 2.1% 1.6%
May-2012 1.9% 1.4%
Jun-2012 2.0% 1.5%
Jul-2012 1.6% 1.4%
Aug-2012 1.8% 1.4%
Sep-2012 2.0% 1.5%
Oct-2012 1.6% 1.2%
Nov-2012 1.9% 1.5%
Dec-2012 2.2% 1.7%
Jan-2013 2.1% 1.8%
Feb-2013 2.1% 2.1%
Mar-2013 1.9% 1.9%
Apr-2013 2.1% 1.9%
May-2013 2.1% 1.8%
Jun-2013 2.1% 2.1%
Jul-2013 2.1% 2.0%
Aug-2013 2.3% 2.2%
Sep-2013 2.1% 2.2%
Oct-2013 2.2% 2.3%
Nov-2013 2.2% 2.3%
Dec-2013 1.9% 2.2%
Jan-2014 2.0% 2.3%
Feb-2014 2.4% 2.6%
Mar-2014 2.1% 2.4%
Apr-2014 2.0% 2.4%
May-2014 2.1% 2.4%
Jun-2014 2.1% 2.3%
Jul-2014 2.1% 2.3%
Aug-2014 2.2% 2.4%
Sep-2014 2.0% 2.1%
Oct-2014 2.0% 2.2%
Nov-2014 2.1% 2.3%
Dec-2014 1.9% 1.8%
Jan-2015 2.1% 2.0%
Feb-2015 1.9% 1.6%
Mar-2015 2.2% 2.0%
Apr-2015 2.3% 1.9%
May-2015 2.3% 2.2%
Jun-2015 2.1% 1.9%
Jul-2015 2.2% 2.0%
Aug-2015 2.2% 2.2%
Sep-2015 2.3% 2.1%
Oct-2015 2.5% 2.4%
Nov-2015 2.4% 2.1%
Dec-2015 2.5% 2.5%
Jan-2016 2.5% 2.5%
Feb-2016 2.3% 2.4%
Mar-2016 2.4% 2.3%
Apr-2016 2.6% 2.6%
May-2016 2.4% 2.3%
Jun-2016 2.6% 2.5%
Jul-2016 2.7% 2.6%
Aug-2016 2.5% 2.3%
Sep-2016 2.6% 2.5%
Oct-2016 2.8% 2.5%
Nov-2016 2.6% 2.4%
Dec-2016 2.7% 2.5%
Jan-2017 2.5% 2.4%
Feb-2017 2.7% 2.4%
Mar-2017 2.6% 2.3%
Apr-2017 2.5% 2.2%
May-2017 2.5% 2.3%
Jun-2017 2.5% 2.3%
Jul-2017 2.6% 2.3%
Aug-2017 2.6% 2.3%
Sep-2017 2.8% 2.6%
Oct-2017 2.3% 2.2%
Nov-2017 2.5% 2.3%
Dec-2017 2.7% 2.5%
Jan-2018 2.8% 2.5%
Feb-2018 2.6% 2.6%
Mar-2018 2.8% 2.8%
Apr-2018 2.8% 2.8%
May-2018 2.9% 2.9%
Jun-2018 2.9% 2.9%
Jul-2018 2.8% 2.9%
Aug-2018 3.2% 3.1%
Sep-2018 3.1% 3.1%
Oct-2018 3.3% 3.2%
Nov-2018 3.4% 3.5%
Dec-2018 3.5% 3.6%
Jan-2019 3.3% 3.4%
Feb-2019 3.6% 3.5%
Mar-2019 3.4% 3.6%
Apr-2019 3.3% 3.5%
May-2019 3.3% 3.5%
Jun-2019 3.4% 3.6%
Jul-2019 3.4% 3.7%
Aug-2019 3.4% 3.6%
Sep-2019 3.1% 3.6%
Oct-2019 3.1% 3.8%
Nov-2019 3.3% 3.6%
Dec-2019 3.0% 3.2%
Jan-2020 3.0% 3.4%
Feb-2020 3.1% 3.6%
Mar-2020 3.5% 3.6%
Apr-2020 8.1% 7.8%
May-2020 6.6% 6.8%
Jun-2020 5.1% 5.5%
Jul-2020 4.9% 4.9%
Aug-2020 4.8% 5.0%
Sep-2020 4.8% 4.8%
Oct-2020 4.7% 4.6%
Nov-2020 4.6% 4.7%
Dec-2020 5.4% 5.6%
Jan-2021 5.2% 5.3%
Feb-2021 5.4% 5.1%
Mar-2021 4.5% 5.1%
Apr-2021 0.6% 1.5%
May-2021 2.3% 2.8%
Jun-2021 4.0% 4.2%
Jul-2021 4.3% 5.1%
Aug-2021 4.4% 5.3%
Sep-2021 4.9% 6.0%
Oct-2021 5.4% 6.5%
Nov-2021 5.4% 6.5%
Dec-2021 5.0% 6.3%
Jan-2022 5.7% 6.9%
Feb-2022 5.3% 6.8%
Mar-2022 5.9% 7.0%
Apr-2022 5.7% 6.9%
May-2022 5.6% 6.7%
Jun-2022 5.4% 6.7%
Jul-2022 5.5% 6.5%
Aug-2022 5.4% 6.2%
Sep-2022 5.1% 5.9%
Oct-2022 5.0% 5.8%
Nov-2022 5.1% 5.9%
Dec-2022 4.9% 5.5%
Jan-2023 4.5% 5.2%
Feb-2023 4.7% 5.4%
Mar-2023 4.6% 5.4%
Apr-2023 4.6% 5.2%
May-2023 4.4% 5.0%
Jun-2023 4.6% 4.9%
Jul-2023 4.6% 4.9%
Aug-2023 4.5% 4.8%
Sep-2023 4.4% 4.7%
Oct-2023 4.2% 4.5%
Nov-2023 4.1% 4.5%
Dec-2023 4.1% 4.4%
Jan-2024 4.3% 4.6%
Feb-2024 4.2% 4.4%
Mar-2024 4.2% 4.2%
Apr-2024 4.0% 4.0%
May-2024 4.1% 4.1%
Jun-2024 3.9% 4.1%
Jul-2024 3.6% 4.0%
Aug-2024 4.0% 4.2%
Sep-2024 3.9% 4.2%
Oct-2024 4.1% 4.2%
Nov-2024 4.2% 4.1%
Dec-2024 4.0% 4.0%
Jan-2025 3.9% 4.0%
Feb-2025 3.9% 4.2%
Mar-2025 3.9% 3.9%
Apr-2025 3.9% 4.1%
May-2025 3.9% 4.0%

 

ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics public data series. 

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Jobs Day - CPI

Real wages rise as prices decelerate faster than nominal wage growth: Year-over-year changes in nominal wages, inflation, and real (inflation-adjusted) wages, 2019–2025

date Nominal wage growth Real wage growth Inflation
2019-01-01 3.3% 1.7% 1.5%
2019-02-01 3.6% 2.0% 1.5%
2019-03-01 3.4% 1.5% 1.9%
2019-04-01 3.3% 1.3% 2.0%
2019-05-01 3.3% 1.5% 1.8%
2019-06-01 3.4% 1.7% 1.7%
2019-07-01 3.4% 1.6% 1.8%
2019-08-01 3.4% 1.7% 1.7%
2019-09-01 3.1% 1.3% 1.7%
2019-10-01 3.1% 1.3% 1.7%
2019-11-01 3.3% 1.2% 2.1%
2019-12-01 3.0% 0.7% 2.3%
2020-01-01 3.0% 0.5% 2.6%
2020-02-01 3.1% 0.7% 2.3%
2020-03-01 3.5% 1.9% 1.5%
2020-04-01 8.1% 7.6% 0.3%
2020-05-01 6.6% 6.4% 0.2%
2020-06-01 5.1% 4.3% 0.7%
2020-07-01 4.9% 3.7% 1.0%
2020-08-01 4.8% 3.3% 1.3%
2020-09-01 4.8% 3.3% 1.4%
2020-10-01 4.7% 3.4% 1.2%
2020-11-01 4.6% 3.3% 1.2%
2020-12-01 5.4% 3.9% 1.3%
2021-01-01 5.2% 3.7% 1.4%
2021-02-01 5.4% 3.5% 1.7%
2021-03-01 4.5% 1.7% 2.6%
2021-04-01 0.6% -3.5% 4.1%
2021-05-01 2.3% -2.7% 4.9%
2021-06-01 4.0% -1.5% 5.3%
2021-07-01 4.3% -1.1% 5.3%
2021-08-01 4.4% -0.9% 5.2%
2021-09-01 4.9% -0.6% 5.4%
2021-10-01 5.4% -0.9% 6.2%
2021-11-01 5.4% -1.4% 6.9%
2021-12-01 5.0% -2.0% 7.2%
2022-01-01 5.7% -1.8% 7.6%
2022-02-01 5.3% -2.5% 7.9%
2022-03-01 5.9% -2.5% 8.5%
2022-04-01 5.7% -2.5% 8.2%
2022-05-01 5.6% -2.8% 8.5%
2022-06-01 5.4% -3.4% 9.0%
2022-07-01 5.5% -2.8% 8.4%
2022-08-01 5.4% -2.7% 8.2%
2022-09-01 5.1% -2.9% 8.2%
2022-10-01 5.0% -2.6% 7.8%
2022-11-01 5.1% -2.0% 7.1%
2022-12-01 4.9% -1.5% 6.4%
2023-01-01 4.5% -1.8% 6.3%
2023-02-01 4.7% -1.3% 6.0%
2023-03-01 4.6% -0.4% 4.9%
2023-04-01 4.6% -0.3% 4.9%
2023-05-01 4.4% 0.4% 4.1%
2023-06-01 4.6% 1.6% 3.1%
2023-07-01 4.6% 1.4% 3.3%
2023-08-01 4.5% 0.8% 3.7%
2023-09-01 4.4% 0.7% 3.7%
2023-10-01 4.2% 0.9% 3.2%
2023-11-01 4.1% 1.0% 3.1%
2023-12-01 4.1% 0.7% 3.3%
2024-01-01 4.3% 1.1% 3.1%
2024-02-01 4.2% 1.0% 3.2%
2024-03-01 4.2% 0.7% 3.5%
2024-04-01 4.0% 0.6% 3.4%
2024-05-01 4.1% 0.8% 3.2%
2024-06-01 3.9% 0.9% 3.0%
2024-07-01 3.6% 0.7% 2.9%
2024-08-01 4.0% 1.4% 2.6%
2024-09-01 3.9% 1.5% 2.4%
2024-10-01 4.1% 1.5% 2.6%
2024-11-01 4.2% 1.3% 2.7%
2024-12-01 4.0% 1.1% 2.9%
2025-01-01 3.9% 0.9% 3.0%
2025-02-01 3.9% 1.1% 2.8%
2025-03-01 3.9% 1.4% 2.4%
2025-04-01 3.9% 1.4% 2.3%
2025-05-01 3.9%
ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics and Consumer Price Index public data series (CPI-U).

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Current Population Survey Charts

The Current Population Survey (CPS), also known as the household survey, is sponsored jointly by the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Each month, it provides data on the labor force, employment, unemployment, persons not in the labor force, hours of work, earnings, and other demographic and labor force characteristics. 

Jobs Day

Employment-to-population ratio, ages 25–54, 1989–2025

date Employment to population ratio
Jan-1989 80.0%
Feb-1989 79.9%
Mar-1989 79.9%
Apr-1989 79.8%
May-1989 79.8%
Jun-1989 79.8%
Jul-1989 79.8%
Aug-1989 79.9%
Sep-1989 80.0%
Oct-1989 79.9%
Nov-1989 80.2%
Dec-1989 80.1%
Jan-1990 80.2%
Feb-1990 80.2%
Mar-1990 80.1%
Apr-1990 79.9%
May-1990 79.9%
Jun-1990 79.8%
Jul-1990 79.6%
Aug-1990 79.5%
Sep-1990 79.4%
Oct-1990 79.4%
Nov-1990 79.2%
Dec-1990 79.0%
Jan-1991 78.9%
Feb-1991 78.9%
Mar-1991 78.7%
Apr-1991 79.0%
May-1991 78.6%
Jun-1991 78.7%
Jul-1991 78.6%
Aug-1991 78.5%
Sep-1991 78.6%
Oct-1991 78.5%
Nov-1991 78.4%
Dec-1991 78.3%
Jan-1992 78.4%
Feb-1992 78.2%
Mar-1992 78.2%
Apr-1992 78.4%
May-1992 78.4%
Jun-1992 78.5%
Jul-1992 78.4%
Aug-1992 78.4%
Sep-1992 78.3%
Oct-1992 78.2%
Nov-1992 78.2%
Dec-1992 78.2%
Jan-1993 78.2%
Feb-1993 78.1%
Mar-1993 78.2%
Apr-1993 78.2%
May-1993 78.5%
Jun-1993 78.6%
Jul-1993 78.6%
Aug-1993 78.8%
Sep-1993 78.6%
Oct-1993 78.7%
Nov-1993 79.0%
Dec-1993 79.0%
Jan-1994 78.9%
Feb-1994 78.9%
Mar-1994 78.9%
Apr-1994 79.0%
May-1994 79.2%
Jun-1994 78.8%
Jul-1994 79.1%
Aug-1994 79.2%
Sep-1994 79.6%
Oct-1994 79.6%
Nov-1994 79.8%
Dec-1994 79.8%
Jan-1995 79.7%
Feb-1995 80.0%
Mar-1995 79.9%
Apr-1995 79.8%
May-1995 79.7%
Jun-1995 79.5%
Jul-1995 79.7%
Aug-1995 79.6%
Sep-1995 79.8%
Oct-1995 79.8%
Nov-1995 79.7%
Dec-1995 79.7%
Jan-1996 79.8%
Feb-1996 79.9%
Mar-1996 79.9%
Apr-1996 79.9%
May-1996 80.0%
Jun-1996 80.1%
Jul-1996 80.4%
Aug-1996 80.5%
Sep-1996 80.4%
Oct-1996 80.6%
Nov-1996 80.5%
Dec-1996 80.5%
Jan-1997 80.5%
Feb-1997 80.4%
Mar-1997 80.6%
Apr-1997 80.7%
May-1997 80.6%
Jun-1997 80.9%
Jul-1997 81.1%
Aug-1997 81.3%
Sep-1997 81.1%
Oct-1997 81.1%
Nov-1997 81.0%
Dec-1997 81.0%
Jan-1998 81.0%
Feb-1998 81.0%
Mar-1998 81.0%
Apr-1998 81.1%
May-1998 81.0%
Jun-1998 81.0%
Jul-1998 81.1%
Aug-1998 81.2%
Sep-1998 81.3%
Oct-1998 81.1%
Nov-1998 81.2%
Dec-1998 81.3%
Jan-1999 81.8%
Feb-1999 81.5%
Mar-1999 81.3%
Apr-1999 81.3%
May-1999 81.4%
Jun-1999 81.4%
Jul-1999 81.2%
Aug-1999 81.3%
Sep-1999 81.3%
Oct-1999 81.5%
Nov-1999 81.6%
Dec-1999 81.5%
Jan-2000 81.8%
Feb-2000 81.8%
Mar-2000 81.7%
Apr-2000 81.9%
May-2000 81.5%
Jun-2000 81.5%
Jul-2000 81.3%
Aug-2000 81.1%
Sep-2000 81.1%
Oct-2000 81.1%
Nov-2000 81.3%
Dec-2000 81.4%
Jan-2001 81.4%
Feb-2001 81.3%
Mar-2001 81.3%
Apr-2001 80.9%
May-2001 80.8%
Jun-2001 80.6%
Jul-2001 80.5%
Aug-2001 80.2%
Sep-2001 80.2%
Oct-2001 79.9%
Nov-2001 79.7%
Dec-2001 79.8%
Jan-2002 79.6%
Feb-2002 79.8%
Mar-2002 79.6%
Apr-2002 79.5%
May-2002 79.4%
Jun-2002 79.2%
Jul-2002 79.1%
Aug-2002 79.3%
Sep-2002 79.4%
Oct-2002 79.2%
Nov-2002 78.8%
Dec-2002 79.0%
Jan-2003 78.9%
Feb-2003 78.9%
Mar-2003 79.0%
Apr-2003 79.1%
May-2003 78.9%
Jun-2003 78.9%
Jul-2003 78.8%
Aug-2003 78.7%
Sep-2003 78.6%
Oct-2003 78.6%
Nov-2003 78.7%
Dec-2003 78.8%
Jan-2004 78.9%
Feb-2004 78.8%
Mar-2004 78.7%
Apr-2004 78.9%
May-2004 79.0%
Jun-2004 79.1%
Jul-2004 79.2%
Aug-2004 79.0%
Sep-2004 79.0%
Oct-2004 79.0%
Nov-2004 79.1%
Dec-2004 78.9%
Jan-2005 79.2%
Feb-2005 79.2%
Mar-2005 79.2%
Apr-2005 79.4%
May-2005 79.5%
Jun-2005 79.2%
Jul-2005 79.4%
Aug-2005 79.6%
Sep-2005 79.4%
Oct-2005 79.3%
Nov-2005 79.2%
Dec-2005 79.3%
Jan-2006 79.6%
Feb-2006 79.7%
Mar-2006 79.8%
Apr-2006 79.6%
May-2006 79.7%
Jun-2006 79.8%
Jul-2006 79.8%
Aug-2006 79.8%
Sep-2006 79.9%
Oct-2006 80.1%
Nov-2006 80.0%
Dec-2006 80.1%
Jan-2007 80.3%
Feb-2007 80.1%
Mar-2007 80.2%
Apr-2007 80.0%
May-2007 80.0%
Jun-2007 79.9%
Jul-2007 79.8%
Aug-2007 79.8%
Sep-2007 79.7%
Oct-2007 79.6%
Nov-2007 79.7%
Dec-2007 79.7%
Jan-2008 80.0%
Feb-2008 79.9%
Mar-2008 79.8%
Apr-2008 79.6%
May-2008 79.5%
Jun-2008 79.4%
Jul-2008 79.2%
Aug-2008 78.8%
Sep-2008 78.8%
Oct-2008 78.4%
Nov-2008 78.1%
Dec-2008 77.6%
Jan-2009 77.0%
Feb-2009 76.7%
Mar-2009 76.2%
Apr-2009 76.2%
May-2009 75.9%
Jun-2009 75.9%
Jul-2009 75.8%
Aug-2009 75.6%
Sep-2009 75.1%
Oct-2009 75.0%
Nov-2009 75.2%
Dec-2009 74.8%
Jan-2010 75.1%
Feb-2010 75.1%
Mar-2010 75.1%
Apr-2010 75.4%
May-2010 75.1%
Jun-2010 75.2%
Jul-2010 75.1%
Aug-2010 75.0%
Sep-2010 75.1%
Oct-2010 75.0%
Nov-2010 74.8%
Dec-2010 75.0%
Jan-2011 75.2%
Feb-2011 75.1%
Mar-2011 75.3%
Apr-2011 75.1%
May-2011 75.2%
Jun-2011 75.0%
Jul-2011 75.0%
Aug-2011 75.1%
Sep-2011 74.9%
Oct-2011 74.9%
Nov-2011 75.3%
Dec-2011 75.4%
Jan-2012 75.5%
Feb-2012 75.5%
Mar-2012 75.7%
Apr-2012 75.7%
May-2012 75.7%
Jun-2012 75.6%
Jul-2012 75.6%
Aug-2012 75.7%
Sep-2012 76.0%
Oct-2012 76.1%
Nov-2012 75.8%
Dec-2012 76.0%
Jan-2013 75.6%
Feb-2013 75.8%
Mar-2013 75.8%
Apr-2013 75.8%
May-2013 76.0%
Jun-2013 75.9%
Jul-2013 76.0%
Aug-2013 76.0%
Sep-2013 76.0%
Oct-2013 75.6%
Nov-2013 76.1%
Dec-2013 76.1%
Jan-2014 76.4%
Feb-2014 76.4%
Mar-2014 76.5%
Apr-2014 76.5%
May-2014 76.4%
Jun-2014 76.9%
Jul-2014 76.7%
Aug-2014 76.9%
Sep-2014 76.8%
Oct-2014 76.9%
Nov-2014 76.9%
Dec-2014 77.1%
Jan-2015 77.1%
Feb-2015 77.2%
Mar-2015 77.1%
Apr-2015 77.2%
May-2015 77.2%
Jun-2015 77.4%
Jul-2015 77.1%
Aug-2015 77.3%
Sep-2015 77.2%
Oct-2015 77.2%
Nov-2015 77.4%
Dec-2015 77.4%
Jan-2016 77.7%
Feb-2016 77.8%
Mar-2016 77.9%
Apr-2016 77.8%
May-2016 77.9%
Jun-2016 77.9%
Jul-2016 78.0%
Aug-2016 77.9%
Sep-2016 78.0%
Oct-2016 78.1%
Nov-2016 78.1%
Dec-2016 78.1%
Jan-2017 78.2%
Feb-2017 78.3%
Mar-2017 78.5%
Apr-2017 78.6%
May-2017 78.5%
Jun-2017 78.6%
Jul-2017 78.8%
Aug-2017 78.4%
Sep-2017 79.0%
Oct-2017 78.7%
Nov-2017 78.9%
Dec-2017 79.0%
Jan-2018 78.9%
Feb-2018 79.3%
Mar-2018 79.2%
Apr-2018 79.2%
May-2018 79.3%
Jun-2018 79.4%
Jul-2018 79.6%
Aug-2018 79.3%
Sep-2018 79.4%
Oct-2018 79.6%
Nov-2018 79.6%
Dec-2018 79.5%
Jan-2019 79.8%
Feb-2019 79.9%
Mar-2019 79.8%
Apr-2019 79.7%
May-2019 79.7%
Jun-2019 79.7%
Jul-2019 79.6%
Aug-2019 80.0%
Sep-2019 80.2%
Oct-2019 80.3%
Nov-2019 80.3%
Dec-2019 80.4%
Jan-2020 80.6%
Feb-2020 80.4%
Mar-2020 79.4%
Apr-2020 69.6%
May-2020 71.4%
Jun-2020 73.5%
Jul-2020 73.8%
Aug-2020 75.2%
Sep-2020 75.1%
Oct-2020 76.1%
Nov-2020 76.1%
Dec-2020 76.4%
Jan-2021 76.4%
Feb-2021 76.6%
Mar-2021 76.8%
Apr-2021 76.9%
May-2021 77.1%
Jun-2021 77.1%
Jul-2021 77.8%
Aug-2021 77.9%
Sep-2021 78.0%
Oct-2021 78.4%
Nov-2021 79.0%
Dec-2021 79.2%
Jan-2022 79.2%
Feb-2022 79.5%
Mar-2022 80.0%
Apr-2022 79.9%
May-2022 80.0%
Jun-2022 79.8%
Jul-2022 79.9%
Aug-2022 80.2%
Sep-2022 80.2%
Oct-2022 79.9%
Nov-2022 79.8%
Dec-2022 80.2%
Jan-2023 80.3%
Feb-2023 80.5%
Mar-2023 80.7%
Apr-2023 80.7%
May-2023 80.7%
Jun-2023 80.9%
Jul-2023 80.9%
Aug-2023 80.8%
Sep-2023 80.8%
Oct-2023 80.6%
Nov-2023 80.7%
Dec-2023 80.5%
Jan-2024 80.6%
Feb-2024 80.7%
Mar-2024 80.7%
Apr-2024 80.8%
May-2024 80.8%
Jun-2024 80.7%
Jul-2024 80.9%
Aug-2024 80.9%
Sep-2024 80.9%
Oct-2024 80.6%
Nov-2024 80.4%
Dec-2024 80.5%
Jan-2025 80.7%
Feb-2025 80.5%
Mar-2025 80.4%
Apr-2025 80.7%
May-2025 80.5%
ChartData Download data

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Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data. 

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Jobs Day

Unemployment rate by race and ethnicity, January 2020–May 2025

 

Date White Black Hispanic AAPI
Jan-2020 3.1% 6.4% 4.3% 3.0%
Feb-2020 3% 6.1% 4.4% 2.5%
Mar-2020 3.9% 7.0% 6.1% 4.2%
Apr-2020 14.2% 16.9% 18.9% 14.5%
May-2020 12.3% 16.8% 17.6% 15%
Jun-2020 10.0% 15.3% 14.5% 13.6%
Jul-2020 9.2% 14.3% 12.8% 12.0%
Aug-2020 7.3% 12.8% 10.4% 10.5%
Sep-2020 7.0% 12.0% 10.2% 8.9%
Oct-2020 6.0% 10.9% 8.8% 7.5%
Nov-2020 6.0% 10.3% 8.5% 6.7%
Dec-2020 6.1% 10.0% 9.3% 6.0%
Jan-2021 5.7% 9.4% 8.5% 6.7%
Feb-2021 5.6% 9.9% 8.5% 5.1%
Mar-2021 5.4% 9.7% 8.0% 6.0%
Apr-2021 5.3% 10.2% 7.9% 5.8%
May-2021 5.1% 9.0% 7.2% 5.7%
Jun-2021 5.2% 9.1% 7.3% 5.5%
Jul-2021 4.8% 8.1% 6.4% 5.3%
Aug-2021 4.5% 8.6% 6.0% 4.4%
Sep-2021 4.2% 7.7% 6.2% 4.1%
Oct-2021 3.9% 7.6% 5.7% 4.1%
Nov-2021 3.7% 6.4% 5.0% 3.8%
Dec-2021 3.3% 7.0% 4.6% 3.8%
Jan-2022 3.4% 7.0% 4.7% 3.6%
Feb-2022 3.3% 6.7% 4.4% 2.9%
Mar-2022 3.2% 6.3% 4.2% 2.8%
Apr-2022 3.3% 6.1% 4.2% 3.1%
May-2022 3.2% 6.2% 4.4% 2.5%
Jun-2022 3.3% 5.8% 4.3% 2.9%
Jul-2022 3.1% 5.9% 4.0% 2.7%
Aug-2022 3.1% 6.4% 4.5% 2.7%
Sep-2022 3.0% 5.8% 3.9% 2.4%
Oct-2022 3.2% 5.8% 4.2% 2.9%
Nov-2022 3.3% 5.6% 4.0% 2.6%
Dec-2022 3.1% 5.7% 4.2% 2.5%
Jan-2023 3.1% 5.4% 4.6% 2.9%
Feb-2023 3.2% 5.8% 5.5% 3.4%
Mar-2023 3.3% 5.0% 4.7% 2.9%
Apr-2023 3.1% 4.8% 4.4% 2.9%
May-2023 3.3% 5.7% 4.0% 3.0%
Jun-2023 3.1% 6.0% 4.3% 3.1%
Jul-2023 3.1% 5.7% 4.4% 2.3%
Aug-2023 3.4% 5.3% 4.8% 3.1%
Sept-2023 3.4% 5.7% 4.6% 2.8%
Oct-2023 3.5% 5.9% 4.8% 3.1%
Nov-2023 3.3% 5.8% 4.5% 3.5%
Dec-2023 3.5% 5.2% 5.0% 3.1%
Jan-2024 3.4% 5.3% 5.0% 2.9%
Feb-2024 3.4% 5.6% 5.1% 3.4%
Mar-2024 3.4% 6.4% 4.5% 2.6%
Apr-2024 3.5% 5.6% 4.8% 2.9%
May-2024 3.5% 6.1% 5.0% 3.1%
Jun-2024 3.5% 6.3% 4.9% 4.1%
Jul-2024 3.8% 6.3% 5.3% 3.7%
Aug-2024 3.8% 6.1% 5.4% 4.1%
Sept-2024 3.7% 5.7% 5.1% 4.1%
Oct-2024 3.8% 5.7% 5.1% 3.9%
Nov-2024 3.8% 6.4% 5.3% 3.8%
Dec-2024 3.6% 6.1% 5.1% 3.5%
Jan-2025 3.5% 6.2% 4.8% 3.7%
Feb-2025 3.8% 6.0% 5.2% 3.2%
Mar-2025 3.7% 6.2% 5.1% 3.5%
Apr-2025 3.8% 6.3% 5.2% 3.0%
May-2025 3.8% 6.0% 5.1% 3.6%
ChartData Download data

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Note: AAPI refers to Asian American and Pacific Islander. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data. 

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Jobs Day

Employment-to-population ratio by race and ethnicity, January 2020–May 2025

date White Black Hispanic
Jan-2020 61.3% 58.8% 65%
Feb-2020 61.3% 59.2% 64.8%
Mar-2020 60.1% 57.4% 63.0%
Apr-2020 51.7% 48.6% 51.1%
May-2020 53.5% 49.5% 52.9%
Jun-2020 55.5% 50.9% 55.7%
Jul-2020 55.8% 51.6% 56.6%
Aug-2020 57.2% 52.6% 58.3%
Sep-2020 57.3% 52.7% 58.4%
Oct-2020 58.1% 53.8% 59.9%
Nov-2020 57.9% 54.2% 60.0%
Dec-2020 57.8% 54.0% 59.4%
Jan-2021 57.8% 54.6% 59.4%
Feb-2021 58.0% 54.0% 59.9%
Mar-2021 58.1% 54.7% 60.2%
Apr-2021 58.2% 55.0% 60.1%
May-2021 58.3% 55.3% 60.3%
Jun-2021 58.2% 56.0% 60.5%
Jul-2021 58.6% 55.9% 61.5%
Aug-2021 58.7% 56.3% 61.5%
Sep-2021 58.9% 56.7% 61.6%
Oct-2021 59.1% 56.5% 62.1%
Nov-2021 59.4% 56.9% 63.1%
Dec-2021 59.7% 56.6% 62.9%
Jan-2022 59.9% 57.6% 63.2%
Feb-2022 60.1% 57.9% 63.7%
Mar-2022 60.2% 58.0% 63.6%
Apr-2022 59.9% 58.4% 63.3%
May-2022 59.9% 59.0% 63.4%
Jun-2022 59.9% 58.6% 63.5%
Jul-2022 59.9% 58.4% 63.1%
Aug-2022 60.1% 58.0% 63.8%
Sep-2022 60.1% 58.6% 63.6%
Oct-2022 60.0% 58.5% 63.5%
Nov-2022 59.8% 58.9% 63.2%
Dec-2022 60.2% 58.9% 63.6%
Jan-2023 60.2% 59.5% 63.3%
Feb-2023 60.2% 59.7% 63.3%
Mar-2023 60.1% 60.8% 63.7%
Apr-2023 60.3% 59.9% 63.8%
May-2023 60.3% 59.6% 64.1%
Jun-2023 60.4% 58.9% 64.4%
Jul-2023 60.3% 59.2% 64.4%
Aug-2023 60.4% 59.4% 63.9%
Sep-2023 60.2% 59.4% 64.2%
Oct-2023 60.1% 59.3% 63.8%
Nov-2023 60.3% 60.0% 64.0%
Dec-2023 59.9% 60.1% 63.4%
Jan-2024 60.0% 60.0% 63.5%
Feb-2024 60.0% 60.1% 63.7%
Mar-2024 60.2% 59.4% 63.8%
Apr-2024 60.2% 59.6% 64.1%
May-2024 60.0% 59.1% 63.9%
Jun-2024 60.0% 58.8% 64.2%
Jul-2024 60.0% 59.2% 63.7%
Aug-2024 60.0% 58.9% 64.1%
Sep-2024 60.1% 59.2% 63.9%
Oct-2024 59.8% 59.3% 63.5%
Nov-2024 59.8% 58.5% 63.4%
Dec-2024 59.9% 58.6% 64.1%
Jan-2025 60.1% 58.6% 63.6%
Feb-2025 59.7% 58.9% 63.4%
Mar-2025 59.8% 58.4% 63.8%
Apr-2025 59.9% 58.2% 63.8%
May-2025 59.6% 58.3% 63.7%

 

ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Note: Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Data are for those 16 and older.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data. 

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A more comprehensive look at unemployment rates: Unemployment rates for select workers by race/ethnicity and gender, February 2020, April 2020, April 2025, and May 2025

characteristic February 2020 April 2020 April 2025 May 2025
White men 2.9% 12.3% 3.7% 3.6%
White women 2.7% 15.0% 3.3% 3.3%
Black men 6.2% 16.5% 5.6% 5.2%
Black women 5.0% 16.4% 6.1% 6.2%
Latinx men 3.3% 16.6% 5.0% 4.5%
Latinx women 4.8% 20.3% 4.6% 5.0%

 

ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Notes: Data are for workers ages 20 and older. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Unemployment levels are labeled for February, November, and the peak in between.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Household Data Table A-2, and Table A-3.

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A more comprehensive look at employment: Employment-to-population ratios for select workers by race/ethnicity and gender, February 2020, April 2020, April 2025, and May 2025

characteristic February 2020 April 2020 April 2025 May 2025
White men 69.6% 60.5% 67.2% 67.1%
White women 56.6% 47.1% 56.1% 55.7%
Black men 63.4% 53.0% 65.3% 64.9%
Black women 60.7% 49.4% 57.5% 57.8%
Latinx men 78.2% 64.3% 75.4% 75.7%
Latinx women 58.8% 44.7% 59.6% 59.1%
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Notes: Data are for workers ages 20 and older. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Employment to population levels are labeled for February, April, and the trough in between.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Household Data Table A-2, and Table A-3.

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Figure

Unemployment rate for young workers, 16–24 years old, and workers 25+, 1979–2025

Ages 16–24 Ages 25+
1979-01-01 11.6% 4.0%
1979-02-01 11.7% 4.0%
1979-03-01 11.6% 4.0%
1979-04-01 11.6% 4.0%
1979-05-01 11.6% 3.7%
1979-06-01 11.5% 3.8%
1979-07-01 11.6% 3.8%
1979-08-01 12.2% 4.1%
1979-09-01 12.1% 3.9%
1979-10-01 12.1% 4.0%
1979-11-01 11.6% 4.1%
1979-12-01 12.4% 3.9%
1980-01-01 12.6% 4.3%
1980-02-01 12.5% 4.3%
1980-03-01 12.3% 4.5%
1980-04-01 13.1% 5.0%
1980-05-01 14.7% 5.2%
1980-06-01 14.7% 5.4%
1980-07-01 14.9% 5.6%
1980-08-01 14.7% 5.6%
1980-09-01 14.3% 5.4%
1980-10-01 14.5% 5.4%
1980-11-01 14.4% 5.3%
1980-12-01 13.7% 5.2%
1981-01-01 14.5% 5.3%
1981-02-01 14.6% 5.3%
1981-03-01 14.5% 5.2%
1981-04-01 14.5% 5.0%
1981-05-01 15.1% 5.2%
1981-06-01 14.9% 5.3%
1981-07-01 14.1% 5.2%
1981-08-01 14.5% 5.2%
1981-09-01 14.9% 5.4%
1981-10-01 15.3% 5.7%
1981-11-01 15.9% 6.0%
1981-12-01 16.1% 6.3%
1982-01-01 16.5% 6.3%
1982-02-01 17.0% 6.5%
1982-03-01 16.9% 6.8%
1982-04-01 17.4% 7.0%
1982-05-01 17.3% 7.1%
1982-06-01 17.5% 7.3%
1982-07-01 18.0% 7.5%
1982-08-01 18.1% 7.4%
1982-09-01 18.2% 7.9%
1982-10-01 18.5% 8.1%
1982-11-01 19.0% 8.4%
1982-12-01 18.9% 8.6%
1983-01-01 18.5% 8.1%
1983-02-01 18.4% 8.2%
1983-03-01 18.2% 8.1%
1983-04-01 18.0% 8.0%
1983-05-01 17.7% 8.0%
1983-06-01 17.8% 7.9%
1983-07-01 16.8% 7.3%
1983-08-01 17.3% 7.3%
1983-09-01 16.4% 7.2%
1983-10-01 16.2% 6.8%
1983-11-01 15.4% 6.6%
1983-12-01 14.9% 6.6%
1984-01-01 14.8% 6.2%
1984-02-01 14.3% 6.1%
1984-03-01 14.4% 5.9%
1984-04-01 14.5% 6.0%
1984-05-01 13.6% 5.7%
1984-06-01 13.2% 5.6%
1984-07-01 13.7% 5.8%
1984-08-01 14.1% 5.7%
1984-09-01 14.0% 5.6%
1984-10-01 13.6% 5.7%
1984-11-01 13.2% 5.6%
1984-12-01 13.7% 5.6%
1985-01-01 13.6% 5.7%
1985-02-01 13.6% 5.6%
1985-03-01 13.6% 5.6%
1985-04-01 13.2% 5.8%
1985-05-01 13.6% 5.5%
1985-06-01 13.5% 5.8%
1985-07-01 14.2% 5.6%
1985-08-01 13.3% 5.6%
1985-09-01 13.3% 5.6%
1985-10-01 14.1% 5.4%
1985-11-01 13.5% 5.3%
1985-12-01 13.5% 5.4%
1986-01-01 13.0% 5.1%
1986-02-01 13.6% 5.6%
1986-03-01 13.2% 5.6%
1986-04-01 13.7% 5.5%
1986-05-01 13.7% 5.5%
1986-06-01 13.5% 5.6%
1986-07-01 13.3% 5.5%
1986-08-01 13.1% 5.4%
1986-09-01 13.6% 5.4%
1986-10-01 13.0% 5.5%
1986-11-01 12.8% 5.4%
1986-12-01 13.0% 5.1%
1987-01-01 13.0% 5.1%
1987-02-01 13.1% 5.0%
1987-03-01 12.8% 5.1%
1987-04-01 12.6% 4.9%
1987-05-01 12.5% 4.8%
1987-06-01 12.3% 4.7%
1987-07-01 11.8% 4.7%
1987-08-01 11.7% 4.7%
1987-09-01 11.8% 4.6%
1987-10-01 11.8% 4.6%
1987-11-01 11.5% 4.5%
1987-12-01 11.2% 4.5%
1988-01-01 11.5% 4.4%
1988-02-01 11.3% 4.4%
1988-03-01 11.8% 4.3%
1988-04-01 11.2% 4.2%
1988-05-01 11.3% 4.3%
1988-06-01 10.5% 4.2%
1988-07-01 10.8% 4.2%
1988-08-01 11.0% 4.4%
1988-09-01 10.8% 4.2%
1988-10-01 10.8% 4.1%
1988-11-01 10.5% 4.2%
1988-12-01 10.8% 4.1%
1989-01-01 11.8% 4.1%
1989-02-01 10.6% 4.0%
1989-03-01 10.1% 3.9%
1989-04-01 10.6% 4.1%
1989-05-01 10.4% 4.0%
1989-06-01 11.2% 4.0%
1989-07-01 10.6% 4.0%
1989-08-01 10.9% 4.0%
1989-09-01 11.1% 4.1%
1989-10-01 11.0% 4.1%
1989-11-01 11.3% 4.1%
1989-12-01 11.2% 4.1%
1990-01-01 10.8% 4.1%
1990-02-01 10.7% 4.1%
1990-03-01 10.6% 4.1%
1990-04-01 11.1% 4.2%
1990-05-01 10.8% 4.2%
1990-06-01 10.4% 4.1%
1990-07-01 10.7% 4.4%
1990-08-01 11.5% 4.5%
1990-09-01 11.7% 4.6%
1990-10-01 11.8% 4.7%
1990-11-01 12.0% 4.9%
1990-12-01 12.0% 5.0%
1991-01-01 12.6% 5.0%
1991-02-01 12.8% 5.3%
1991-03-01 13.1% 5.5%
1991-04-01 12.7% 5.4%
1991-05-01 13.6% 5.5%
1991-06-01 13.6% 5.5%
1991-07-01 13.8% 5.4%
1991-08-01 13.5% 5.5%
1991-09-01 13.4% 5.5%
1991-10-01 13.9% 5.6%
1991-11-01 13.8% 5.7%
1991-12-01 14.6% 5.8%
1992-01-01 13.9% 5.9%
1992-02-01 14.2% 6.0%
1992-03-01 14.1% 6.1%
1992-04-01 13.6% 6.1%
1992-05-01 14.4% 6.3%
1992-06-01 15.2% 6.3%
1992-07-01 14.5% 6.3%
1992-08-01 14.2% 6.3%
1992-09-01 14.5% 6.2%
1992-10-01 13.5% 6.1%
1992-11-01 14.3% 6.1%
1992-12-01 14.2% 6.1%
1993-01-01 14.0% 5.8%
1993-02-01 14.1% 5.7%
1993-03-01 13.6% 5.7%
1993-04-01 13.8% 5.7%
1993-05-01 14.2% 5.6%
1993-06-01 13.7% 5.7%
1993-07-01 13.1% 5.7%
1993-08-01 13.0% 5.5%
1993-09-01 12.6% 5.6%
1993-10-01 13.0% 5.6%
1993-11-01 12.9% 5.4%
1993-12-01 12.5% 5.4%
1994-01-01 13.4% 5.2%
1994-02-01 12.9% 5.3%
1994-03-01 13.1% 5.2%
1994-04-01 13.3% 5.0%
1994-05-01 12.5% 4.8%
1994-06-01 12.4% 4.8%
1994-07-01 12.4% 4.8%
1994-08-01 12.5% 4.8%
1994-09-01 12.1% 4.7%
1994-10-01 12.0% 4.6%
1994-11-01 11.4% 4.5%
1994-12-01 11.5% 4.3%
1995-01-01 11.4% 4.4%
1995-02-01 11.7% 4.2%
1995-03-01 11.6% 4.2%
1995-04-01 12.0% 4.5%
1995-05-01 11.9% 4.5%
1995-06-01 12.0% 4.4%
1995-07-01 12.5% 4.4%
1995-08-01 12.5% 4.4%
1995-09-01 12.7% 4.3%
1995-10-01 12.4% 4.2%
1995-11-01 12.0% 4.4%
1995-12-01 12.4% 4.3%
1996-01-01 12.8% 4.3%
1996-02-01 12.2% 4.2%
1996-03-01 12.2% 4.2%
1996-04-01 12.0% 4.3%
1996-05-01 12.2% 4.3%
1996-06-01 11.8% 4.1%
1996-07-01 12.4% 4.2%
1996-08-01 11.6% 4.0%
1996-09-01 11.4% 4.0%
1996-10-01 11.6% 4.0%
1996-11-01 11.9% 4.1%
1996-12-01 11.8% 4.1%
1997-01-01 12.2% 4.0%
1997-02-01 11.8% 4.0%
1997-03-01 11.7% 3.9%
1997-04-01 11.6% 3.8%
1997-05-01 11.1% 3.8%
1997-06-01 11.4% 3.8%
1997-07-01 11.2% 3.7%
1997-08-01 11.1% 3.7%
1997-09-01 11.2% 3.7%
1997-10-01 11.0% 3.5%
1997-11-01 10.8% 3.4%
1997-12-01 10.5% 3.6%
1998-01-01 10.9% 3.5%
1998-02-01 10.6% 3.5%
1998-03-01 10.5% 3.6%
1998-04-01 9.7% 3.4%
1998-05-01 10.3% 3.3%
1998-06-01 10.6% 3.4%
1998-07-01 10.6% 3.4%
1998-08-01 10.8% 3.3%
1998-09-01 11.0% 3.4%
1998-10-01 10.5% 3.4%
1998-11-01 9.8% 3.3%
1998-12-01 9.6% 3.3%
1999-01-01 10.2% 3.2%
1999-02-01 10.1% 3.3%
1999-03-01 9.9% 3.1%
1999-04-01 10.0% 3.3%
1999-05-01 9.6% 3.1%
1999-06-01 10.0% 3.2%
1999-07-01 9.9% 3.2%
1999-08-01 9.6% 3.2%
1999-09-01 10.2% 3.1%
1999-10-01 10.0% 3.0%
1999-11-01 9.9% 3.0%
1999-12-01 9.6% 2.9%
2000-01-01 9.4% 3.0%
2000-02-01 9.9% 3.0%
2000-03-01 9.6% 3.0%
2000-04-01 9.2% 2.9%
2000-05-01 9.8% 3.0%
2000-06-01 9.3% 3.0%
2000-07-01 9.3% 3.0%
2000-08-01 9.3% 3.1%
2000-09-01 8.9% 3.0%
2000-10-01 8.9% 2.9%
2000-11-01 9.1% 3.0%
2000-12-01 9.2% 2.9%
2001-01-01 9.6% 3.2%
2001-02-01 9.6% 3.2%
2001-03-01 9.8% 3.2%
2001-04-01 10.2% 3.3%
2001-05-01 9.9% 3.3%
2001-06-01 10.4% 3.5%
2001-07-01 10.2% 3.5%
2001-08-01 11.2% 3.8%
2001-09-01 10.8% 3.9%
2001-10-01 11.5% 4.2%
2001-11-01 11.6% 4.4%
2001-12-01 12.2% 4.5%
2002-01-01 12.1% 4.5%
2002-02-01 11.8% 4.5%
2002-03-01 12.5% 4.5%
2002-04-01 12.3% 4.8%
2002-05-01 11.6% 4.8%
2002-06-01 11.8% 4.7%
2002-07-01 12.1% 4.6%
2002-08-01 12.0% 4.6%
2002-09-01 11.7% 4.5%
2002-10-01 11.8% 4.6%
2002-11-01 12.1% 4.7%
2002-12-01 12.1% 4.8%
2003-01-01 12.0% 4.7%
2003-02-01 12.1% 4.8%
2003-03-01 12.0% 4.8%
2003-04-01 12.6% 4.9%
2003-05-01 12.9% 4.9%
2003-06-01 13.2% 5.1%
2003-07-01 13.0% 4.9%
2003-08-01 12.3% 5.0%
2003-09-01 12.8% 4.9%
2003-10-01 12.2% 4.9%
2003-11-01 12.1% 4.8%
2003-12-01 11.7% 4.6%
2004-01-01 12.0% 4.6%
2004-02-01 11.7% 4.5%
2004-03-01 12.0% 4.7%
2004-04-01 11.6% 4.5%
2004-05-01 12.1% 4.4%
2004-06-01 12.0% 4.5%
2004-07-01 12.1% 4.4%
2004-08-01 11.5% 4.3%
2004-09-01 11.7% 4.3%
2004-10-01 12.1% 4.2%
2004-11-01 11.5% 4.3%
2004-12-01 11.7% 4.2%
2005-01-01 11.6% 4.1%
2005-02-01 12.4% 4.2%
2005-03-01 11.8% 4.0%
2005-04-01 11.8% 4.0%
2005-05-01 11.7% 3.9%
2005-06-01 11.1% 4.0%
2005-07-01 10.7% 4.0%
2005-08-01 11.1% 3.8%
2005-09-01 10.8% 4.1%
2005-10-01 10.8% 3.9%
2005-11-01 11.1% 4.0%
2005-12-01 10.5% 3.9%
2006-01-01 10.4% 3.7%
2006-02-01 10.8% 3.7%
2006-03-01 10.5% 3.6%
2006-04-01 10.3% 3.7%
2006-05-01 10.0% 3.7%
2006-06-01 10.4% 3.6%
2006-07-01 10.9% 3.7%
2006-08-01 10.7% 3.6%
2006-09-01 10.6% 3.5%
2006-10-01 10.6% 3.3%
2006-11-01 10.6% 3.5%
2006-12-01 10.0% 3.5%
2007-01-01 10.3% 3.7%
2007-02-01 9.9% 3.6%
2007-03-01 10.0% 3.4%
2007-04-01 10.3% 3.5%
2007-05-01 9.9% 3.5%
2007-06-01 10.6% 3.5%
2007-07-01 10.5% 3.7%
2007-08-01 10.7% 3.6%
2007-09-01 11.2% 3.6%
2007-10-01 10.7% 3.7%
2007-11-01 10.8% 3.7%
2007-12-01 11.7% 3.8%
2008-01-01 11.7% 3.8%
2008-02-01 11.4% 3.8%
2008-03-01 11.4% 4.0%
2008-04-01 11.0% 4.0%
2008-05-01 13.0% 4.1%
2008-06-01 12.9% 4.3%
2008-07-01 13.5% 4.5%
2008-08-01 13.1% 4.9%
2008-09-01 13.5% 4.9%
2008-10-01 13.6% 5.3%
2008-11-01 14.0% 5.6%
2008-12-01 14.8% 6.1%
2009-01-01 15.0% 6.6%
2009-02-01 16.0% 7.1%
2009-03-01 16.5% 7.4%
2009-04-01 16.7% 7.7%
2009-05-01 17.6% 8.0%
2009-06-01 18.0% 8.1%
2009-07-01 17.9% 8.1%
2009-08-01 18.1% 8.3%
2009-09-01 18.4% 8.4%
2009-10-01 19.1% 8.6%
2009-11-01 19.2% 8.4%
2009-12-01 18.8% 8.4%
2010-01-01 18.8% 8.3%
2010-02-01 18.7% 8.4%
2010-03-01 18.8% 8.5%
2010-04-01 19.5% 8.4%
2010-05-01 18.1% 8.3%
2010-06-01 18.2% 8.1%
2010-07-01 18.4% 8.0%
2010-08-01 17.7% 8.2%
2010-09-01 17.9% 8.2%
2010-10-01 18.7% 8.1%
2010-11-01 18.5% 8.4%
2010-12-01 17.9% 8.0%
2011-01-01 18.1% 7.7%
2011-02-01 17.7% 7.6%
2011-03-01 17.6% 7.6%
2011-04-01 17.6% 7.7%
2011-05-01 17.3% 7.7%
2011-06-01 17.1% 7.9%
2011-07-01 17.3% 7.7%
2011-08-01 17.4% 7.7%
2011-09-01 17.3% 7.7%
2011-10-01 16.7% 7.6%
2011-11-01 17.0% 7.3%
2011-12-01 16.7% 7.2%
2012-01-01 16.1% 7.0%
2012-02-01 16.5% 7.0%
2012-03-01 16.2% 6.9%
2012-04-01 16.6% 6.8%
2012-05-01 16.1% 6.9%
2012-06-01 16.2% 7.0%
2012-07-01 16.3% 6.9%
2012-08-01 16.7% 6.7%
2012-09-01 15.5% 6.6%
2012-10-01 16.0% 6.5%
2012-11-01 15.9% 6.4%
2012-12-01 16.5% 6.5%
2013-01-01 16.8% 6.5%
2013-02-01 16.3% 6.3%
2013-03-01 16.1% 6.2%
2013-04-01 16.3% 6.2%
2013-05-01 16.3% 6.1%
2013-06-01 16.0% 6.2%
2013-07-01 15.4% 6.0%
2013-08-01 15.7% 5.9%
2013-09-01 15.1% 6.0%
2013-10-01 14.8% 6.0%
2013-11-01 14.1% 5.9%
2013-12-01 13.4% 5.6%
2014-01-01 14.1% 5.3%
2014-02-01 14.5% 5.4%
2014-03-01 14.6% 5.4%
2014-04-01 13.0% 5.2%
2014-05-01 13.3% 5.2%
2014-06-01 13.1% 5.0%
2014-07-01 13.5% 5.0%
2014-08-01 13.2% 5.0%
2014-09-01 13.8% 4.7%
2014-10-01 12.6% 4.7%
2014-11-01 12.5% 4.8%
2014-12-01 12.2% 4.5%
2015-01-01 12.0% 4.6%
2015-02-01 11.8% 4.5%
2015-03-01 12.5% 4.4%
2015-04-01 11.8% 4.5%
2015-05-01 12.3% 4.5%
2015-06-01 11.9% 4.2%
2015-07-01 11.5% 4.2%
2015-08-01 11.1% 4.1%
2015-09-01 11.2% 4.1%
2015-10-01 11.0% 4.1%
2015-11-01 11.2% 4.2%
2015-12-01 11.1% 4.0%
2016-01-01 10.0% 4.0%
2016-02-01 10.5% 4.0%
2016-03-01 10.7% 4.1%
2016-04-01 11.0% 4.1%
2016-05-01 10.4% 3.9%
2016-06-01 10.5% 4.0%
2016-07-01 10.6% 3.9%
2016-08-01 10.2% 4.1%
2016-09-01 10.4% 4.2%
2016-10-01 10.6% 4.0%
2016-11-01 10.3% 3.9%
2016-12-01 10.0% 3.9%
2017-01-01 10.0% 3.9%
2017-02-01 9.8% 3.9%
2017-03-01 9.0% 3.7%
2017-04-01 9.3% 3.6%
2017-05-01 8.7% 3.7%
2017-06-01 9.1% 3.6%
2017-07-01 8.9% 3.6%
2017-08-01 8.9% 3.7%
2017-09-01 9.1% 3.5%
2017-10-01 9.2% 3.4%
2017-11-01 9.8% 3.4%
2017-12-01 9.1% 3.4%
2018-01-01 9.2% 3.3%
2018-02-01 9.0% 3.4%
2018-03-01 8.3% 3.3%
2018-04-01 8.4% 3.3%
2018-05-01 8.6% 3.1%
2018-06-01 8.8% 3.2%
2018-07-01 8.6% 3.1%
2018-08-01 8.2% 3.1%
2018-09-01 8.4% 3.0%
2018-10-01 8.5% 3.1%
2018-11-01 8.3% 3.1%
2018-12-01 8.9% 3.2%
2019-01-01 9.3% 3.2%
2019-02-01 9.1% 3.1%
2019-03-01 8.6% 3.1%
2019-04-01 8.3% 2.9%
2019-05-01 8.5% 2.9%
2019-06-01 7.9% 3.0%
2019-07-01 8.4% 3.0%
2019-08-01 8.3% 2.9%
2019-09-01 7.9% 2.8%
2019-10-01 7.9% 2.9%
2019-11-01 8.1% 2.9%
2019-12-01 8.4% 2.9%
2020-01-01 8.6% 2.9%
2020-02-01 7.8% 2.9%
2020-03-01 10.1% 3.6%
2020-04-01 27.5% 13.0%
2020-05-01 25.1% 11.5%
2020-06-01 20.4% 9.7%
2020-07-01 18.3% 9.0%
2020-08-01 14.7% 7.5%
2020-09-01 13.5% 7.0%
2020-10-01 11.8% 6.1%
2020-11-01 11.6% 6.0%
2020-12-01 12.6% 5.9%
2021-01-01 11.4% 5.6%
2021-02-01 10.9% 5.6%
2021-03-01 11.0% 5.3%
2021-04-01 11.2% 5.3%
2021-05-01 10.0% 5.1%
2021-06-01 9.7% 5.3%
2021-07-01 9.5% 4.8%
2021-08-01 9.6% 4.5%
2021-09-01 8.7% 4.1%
2021-10-01 8.3% 3.9%
2021-11-01 8.3% 3.6%
2021-12-01 8.2% 3.3%
2022-01-01 8.4% 3.4%
2022-02-01 8.2% 3.2%
2022-03-01 8.4% 2.9%
2022-04-01 8.2% 3.0%
2022-05-01 7.8% 3.0%
2022-06-01 8.1% 3.0%
2022-07-01 7.8% 2.8%
2022-08-01 7.8% 3.0%
2022-09-01 8.2% 2.8%
2022-10-01 7.9% 3.0%
2022-11-01 8.2% 3.0%
2022-12-01 8.3% 2.8%
2023-01-01 8.1% 2.8%
2023-02-01 8.1% 2.9%
2023-03-01 7.5% 2.9%
2023-04-01 6.6% 2.9%
2023-05-01 7.4% 3.1%
2023-06-01 7.6% 3.0%
2023-07-01 8.1% 2.8%
2023-08-01 8.6% 3.0%
2023-09-01 8.4% 3.1%
2023-10-01 8.8% 3.1%
2023-11-01 8.0% 3.1%
2023-12-01 8.0% 3.2%
2024-01-01 7.3% 3.2%
2024-02-01 8.8% 3.2%
2024-03-01 8.8% 3.1%
2024-04-01 8.3% 3.2%
2024-05-01 9.3% 3.2%
2024-06-01 8.9% 3.3%
2024-07-01 9.1% 3.5%
2024-08-01 9.7% 3.4%
2024-09-01 9.2% 3.3%
2024-10-01 9.5% 3.4%
2024-11-01 9.4% 3.5%
2024-12-01 9.0% 3.4%
2025-01-01 9.0% 3.3%
2025-02-01 9.7% 3.4%
2025-03-01 9.4% 3.3%
2025-04-01 9.6% 3.4%
2025-05-01 9.7% 3.4%
ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Notes: Shaded areas represent recessions.

Source: Authors' analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey public data.

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Jobs Day

Share of newly employed workers who said that they were not actively searching for work in the previous month

date Share of newly employed workers who said that they were not actively searching for work in the previous month
Apr-1990 61.9%
May-1990 62.6%
Jun-1990 62.0%
Jul-1990 62.0%
Aug-1990 61.6%
Sep-1990 62.3%
Oct-1990 61.0%
Nov-1990 61.2%
Dec-1990 60.4%
Jan-1991 59.9%
Feb-1991 59.0%
Mar-1991 58.5%
Apr-1991 57.7%
May-1991 57.6%
Jun-1991 57.2%
Jul-1991 58.0%
Aug-1991 57.8%
Sep-1991 57.7%
Oct-1991 57.3%
Nov-1991 56.9%
Dec-1991 57.0%
Jan-1992 56.8%
Feb-1992 57.1%
Mar-1992 57.1%
Apr-1992 57.2%
May-1992 57.3%
Jun-1992 56.6%
Jul-1992 56.4%
Aug-1992 56.1%
Sep-1992 55.9%
Oct-1992 55.7%
Nov-1992 55.8%
Dec-1992 56.1%
Jan-1993 56.6%
Feb-1993 57.7%
Mar-1993 58.3%
Apr-1993 58.4%
May-1993 58.2%
Jun-1993 58.1%
Jul-1993 57.5%
Aug-1993 57.5%
Sep-1993 58.0%
Oct-1993 58.9%
Nov-1993 58.5%
Dec-1993 58.3%
Jan-1994 58.8%
Feb-1994 59.2%
Mar-1994 59.1%
Apr-1994 58.7%
May-1994 58.3%
Jun-1994 58.5%
Jul-1994 58.6%
Aug-1994 59.0%
Sep-1994 59.1%
Oct-1994 59.8%
Nov-1994 60.1%
Dec-1994 60.3%
Jan-1995 60.4%
Feb-1995 59.5%
Mar-1995 59.7%
Apr-1995 59.7%
May-1995 59.2%
Jun-1995 59.5%
Jul-1995 59.5%
Aug-1995 60.0%
Sep-1995 60.2%
Oct-1995 59.9%
Nov-1995 60.6%
Dec-1995 59.9%
Jan-1996 59.8%
Feb-1996 60.3%
Mar-1996 60.7%
Apr-1996 61.0%
May-1996 60.7%
Jun-1996 60.8%
Jul-1996 61.5%
Aug-1996 60.8%
Sep-1996 60.9%
Oct-1996 60.2%
Nov-1996 60.6%
Dec-1996 59.6%
Jan-1997 59.1%
Feb-1997 58.9%
Mar-1997 60.3%
Apr-1997 61.4%
May-1997 61.8%
Jun-1997 61.1%
Jul-1997 60.4%
Aug-1997 61.3%
Sep-1997 61.9%
Oct-1997 62.5%
Nov-1997 62.7%
Dec-1997 62.8%
Jan-1998 63.3%
Feb-1998 62.7%
Mar-1998 62.9%
Apr-1998 62.4%
May-1998 63.5%
Jun-1998 63.2%
Jul-1998 64.2%
Aug-1998 64.0%
Sep-1998 65.2%
Oct-1998 65.1%
Nov-1998 65.1%
Dec-1998 64.9%
Jan-1999 65.6%
Feb-1999 65.5%
Mar-1999 64.2%
Apr-1999 65.3%
May-1999 66.1%
Jun-1999 67.4%
Jul-1999 66.4%
Aug-1999 65.7%
Sep-1999 65.3%
Oct-1999 65.5%
Nov-1999 65.3%
Dec-1999 65.1%
Jan-2000 64.4%
Feb-2000 65.4%
Mar-2000 65.7%
Apr-2000 65.9%
May-2000 65.6%
Jun-2000 65.9%
Jul-2000 65.4%
Aug-2000 65.5%
Sep-2000 65.6%
Oct-2000 66.5%
Nov-2000 67.4%
Dec-2000 68.1%
Jan-2001 69.0%
Feb-2001 68.6%
Mar-2001 67.9%
Apr-2001 66.9%
May-2001 65.8%
Jun-2001 65.3%
Jul-2001 65.7%
Aug-2001 66.2%
Sep-2001 66.6%
Oct-2001 65.5%
Nov-2001 64.4%
Dec-2001 62.9%
Jan-2002 62.6%
Feb-2002 62.3%
Mar-2002 61.7%
Apr-2002 61.9%
May-2002 62.8%
Jun-2002 64.4%
Jul-2002 64.5%
Aug-2002 64.0%
Sep-2002 63.1%
Oct-2002 63.1%
Nov-2002 63.7%
Dec-2002 64.1%
Jan-2003 64.2%
Feb-2003 64.2%
Mar-2003 64.5%
Apr-2003 64.3%
May-2003 63.7%
Jun-2003 63.5%
Jul-2003 63.1%
Aug-2003 63.2%
Sep-2003 63.4%
Oct-2003 64.3%
Nov-2003 64.7%
Dec-2003 63.7%
Jan-2004 63.6%
Feb-2004 63.4%
Mar-2004 64.9%
Apr-2004 64.3%
May-2004 64.3%
Jun-2004 63.7%
Jul-2004 64.2%
Aug-2004 64.5%
Sep-2004 64.1%
Oct-2004 64.2%
Nov-2004 64.0%
Dec-2004 64.4%
Jan-2005 64.6%
Feb-2005 64.8%
Mar-2005 64.9%
Apr-2005 65.1%
May-2005 65.8%
Jun-2005 66.1%
Jul-2005 66.6%
Aug-2005 65.9%
Sep-2005 66.5%
Oct-2005 66.2%
Nov-2005 66.0%
Dec-2005 65.9%
Jan-2006 65.8%
Feb-2006 67.3%
Mar-2006 67.3%
Apr-2006 67.6%
May-2006 67.3%
Jun-2006 67.2%
Jul-2006 66.7%
Aug-2006 66.4%
Sep-2006 65.9%
Oct-2006 66.9%
Nov-2006 67.6%
Dec-2006 68.3%
Jan-2007 68.0%
Feb-2007 67.0%
Mar-2007 66.5%
Apr-2007 65.8%
May-2007 66.2%
Jun-2007 67.6%
Jul-2007 67.7%
Aug-2007 67.6%
Sep-2007 66.9%
Oct-2007 67.0%
Nov-2007 67.5%
Dec-2007 66.6%
Jan-2008 66.4%
Feb-2008 65.4%
Mar-2008 65.6%
Apr-2008 64.7%
May-2008 65.1%
Jun-2008 64.9%
Jul-2008 65.3%
Aug-2008 64.2%
Sep-2008 62.9%
Oct-2008 62.1%
Nov-2008 61.9%
Dec-2008 62.3%
Jan-2009 62.2%
Feb-2009 61.6%
Mar-2009 60.8%
Apr-2009 59.8%
May-2009 59.6%
Jun-2009 58.3%
Jul-2009 57.5%
Aug-2009 57.0%
Sep-2009 56.8%
Oct-2009 57.6%
Nov-2009 56.7%
Dec-2009 57.7%
Jan-2010 57.9%
Feb-2010 58.8%
Mar-2010 58.7%
Apr-2010 57.4%
May-2010 56.4%
Jun-2010 56.6%
Jul-2010 57.2%
Aug-2010 58.4%
Sep-2010 58.8%
Oct-2010 58.9%
Nov-2010 58.9%
Dec-2010 58.4%
Jan-2011 59.1%
Feb-2011 59.5%
Mar-2011 60.1%
Apr-2011 60.4%
May-2011 60.2%
Jun-2011 59.7%
Jul-2011 59.8%
Aug-2011 59.6%
Sep-2011 60.6%
Oct-2011 59.8%
Nov-2011 59.8%
Dec-2011 59.1%
Jan-2012 59.2%
Feb-2012 59.1%
Mar-2012 59.4%
Apr-2012 60.3%
May-2012 60.9%
Jun-2012 61.6%
Jul-2012 61.8%
Aug-2012 62.3%
Sep-2012 62.3%
Oct-2012 62.0%
Nov-2012 61.8%
Dec-2012 62.5%
Jan-2013 62.2%
Feb-2013 61.5%
Mar-2013 61.6%
Apr-2013 63.1%
May-2013 63.5%
Jun-2013 63.2%
Jul-2013 62.3%
Aug-2013 62.9%
Sep-2013 63.5%
Oct-2013 64.3%
Nov-2013 64.1%
Dec-2013 63.6%
Jan-2014 63.9%
Feb-2014 63.6%
Mar-2014 63.9%
Apr-2014 62.8%
May-2014 64.2%
Jun-2014 64.5%
Jul-2014 66.0%
Aug-2014 65.5%
Sep-2014 65.3%
Oct-2014 64.9%
Nov-2014 65.3%
Dec-2014 65.8%
Jan-2015 67.2%
Feb-2015 67.8%
Mar-2015 68.5%
Apr-2015 68.1%
May-2015 68.5%
Jun-2015 68.1%
Jul-2015 68.9%
Aug-2015 68.6%
Sep-2015 68.8%
Oct-2015 68.7%
Nov-2015 68.5%
Dec-2015 69.0%
Jan-2016 68.7%
Feb-2016 70.2%
Mar-2016 71.2%
Apr-2016 71.2%
May-2016 69.5%
Jun-2016 68.6%
Jul-2016 68.6%
Aug-2016 69.5%
Sep-2016 69.1%
Oct-2016 67.9%
Nov-2016 67.4%
Dec-2016 68.6%
Jan-2017 69.5%
Feb-2017 69.5%
Mar-2017 69.6%
Apr-2017 70.0%
May-2017 70.2%
Jun-2017 70.5%
Jul-2017 70.1%
Aug-2017 70.7%
Sep-2017 70.3%
Oct-2017 70.2%
Nov-2017 70.2%
Dec-2017 70.2%
Jan-2018 71.2%
Feb-2018 71.4%
Mar-2018 71.5%
Apr-2018 71.5%
May-2018 71.5%
Jun-2018 72.3%
Jul-2018 72.8%
Aug-2018 72.8%
Sep-2018 72.8%
Oct-2018 72.4%
Nov-2018 72.6%
Dec-2018 72.5%
Jan-2019 72.4%
Feb-2019 72.5%
Mar-2019 72.0%
Apr-2019 72.4%
May-2019 73.1%
Jun-2019 73.8%
Jul-2019 74.2%
Aug-2019 73.7%
Sep-2019 73.6%
Oct-2019 74.1%
Nov-2019 74.4%
Dec-2019 74.2%
Jan-2020 73.1%
Feb-2020 72.5%
Mar-2020 72.8%
Apr-2020 72.8%
May-2020 62.3%
Jun-2020 50.3%
Jul-2020 41.3%
Aug-2020 44.2%
Sep-2020 50.2%
Oct-2020 54.5%
Nov-2020 58.3%
Dec-2020 61.6%
Jan-2021 62.6%
Feb-2021 63.0%
Mar-2021 63.3%
Apr-2021 65.1%
May-2021 66.5%
Jun-2021 67.2%
Jul-2021 67.7%
Aug-2021 67.9%
Sep-2021 68.4%
Oct-2021 69.1%
Nov-2021 70.1%
Dec-2021 70.5%
Jan-2022 70.8%
Feb-2022 70.6%
Mar-2022 70.8%
Apr-2022 71.6%
May-2022 72.8%
Jun-2022 73.2%
Jul-2022 72.6%
Aug-2022 72.3%
Sep-2022 72.9%
Oct-2022 73.7%
Nov-2022 73.5%
Dec-2022 73.5%
Jan-2023 73.8%
Feb-2023 74.7%
Mar-2023 74.5%
Apr-2023 74.2%
May-2023 74.4%
Jun-2023 74.8%
Jul-2023 74.1%
Aug-2023 73.9%
Sep-2023 73.1%
Oct-2023 72.9%
Nov-2023 71.7%
Dec-2023 70.9%
Jan-2024 71.5%
Feb-2024 72.3%
Mar-2024 73.6%
Apr-2024 72.6%
May-2024 71.6%
Jun-2024 71.1%
Jul-2024 71.2%
Aug-2024 70.9%
Sep-2024 69.7%
Oct-2024 69.5%
Nov-2024 70.8%
Dec-2024 71.5%
Jan-2025 71.4%
Feb-2025 70.3%
Mar-2025 70.6%
Apr-2025 71.1%
May-2025 71.7%
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Note: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Flows: Unemployed to Employed (16 Years and Over) [LNS17100000], and Not in Labor Force to Employed (16 years and over) [LNS17200000]. Because of volatility in these data, the line reflects a three month moving averages.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey public data series.

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Economic indicators

Number of workers at each level of unemployment duration, by month, January 2023–April 2025

date Less than 5 weeks 5–14 weeks 15–26 weeks 27–51 weeks 52 weeks and over
Jan-23 1,941 1,796 921 373 714
Feb-23 2,272 1,841 814 442 614
Mar-23 2,275 1,746 792 405 656
Apr-23 1,869 1,915 772 379 700
May-23 2,079 1,869 907 408 734
Jun-23 2,082 1,833 895 449 672
Jul-23 1,994 1,745 960 503 693
Aug-23 2,198 1,931 921 587 782
Sep-23 2,066 2,056 1,040 485 757
Oct-23 2,285 1,835 1,031 529 802
Nov-23 2,075 2,061 976 547 623
Dec-23 2,204 1,794 1,072 539 734
Jan-24 2,143 1,852 877 542 730
Feb-24 2,339 1,942 970 445 768
Mar-24 2,206 1,977 980 435 819
Apr-24 2,273 1,990 879 560 693
May-24 2,309 1,922 964 539 809
Jun-24 2,130 2,108 1,066 736 797
Jul-24 2,348 2,162 1,078 763 780
Aug-24 2,465 2,029 1,153 695 850
Sep-24 2,139 1,987 1,133 685 929
Oct-24 2,109 2,082 1,231 710 898
Nov-24 2,208 2,063 1,236 729 925
Dec-24 2,156 1,997 1,207 641 910
Jan-25 2,290 1,935 1,161 642 801
Feb-25 2,337 2,152 1,031 606 849
Mar-25 2,362 2,146 1,006 559 936
Apr-25 2,187 2,269 987 727 948
May-25 2,451 2,208 1,039 564 893
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Notes: Data are seasonally adjusted. Seasonally adjusted data for Less than 5 weeks, 5-14 weeks, 15-26 weeks, and 27+ weeks are provided by BLS. Seasonally adjusted data are not available for 52+ so we applied the ratio of not-seasonally adjusted 52+ to not-seasonally adjusted 27+ to the seasonally adjusted 27+ to impute a seasonally adjusted 52+. Seasonally adjusted data for 27-51 is estimated as the difference between our estimated 52+ seasonally adjust data and the 27+ seasonally adjusted data.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey public data series.

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Pandemic Business Cycle Charts

Jobs Day

Federal fiscal relief at the scale of the problem led to a faster recovery from the pandemic recession: Private-sector employment change since business cycle peak, December 2007 and February 2020

Months since peak 2007 2020
1 100.0 100.0
2 100.0 98.9
3 99.9 83.8
4 99.8 86.3
5 99.6 89.8
6 99.4 91.0
7 99.3 91.8
8 99.1 92.6
9 98.8 93.2
10 98.5 93.5
11 98.0 93.4
12 97.4 93.6
13 96.8 94.0
14 96.1 94.6
15 95.5 94.8
16 94.8 95.1
17 94.1 95.7
18 93.8 96.3
19 93.5 96.7
20 93.2 97.1
21 93.0 97.8
22 92.9 98.2
23 92.7 98.7
24 92.7 98.9
25 92.5 99.5
26 92.5 99.9
27 92.4 100.1
28 92.5 100.3
29 92.7 100.6
30 92.8 101.0
31 92.9 101.2
32 93.0 101.4
33 93.1 101.7
34 93.2 101.9
35 93.4 102.0
36 93.5 102.2
37 93.6 102.4
38 93.6 102.4
39 93.8 102.6
40 94.0 102.7
41 94.3 102.8
42 94.4 102.9
43 94.6 103.0
44 94.8 103.1
45 94.9 103.2
46 95.1 103.2
47 95.3 103.4
48 95.4 103.4
49 95.6 103.6
50 95.9 103.7
51 96.2 103.8
52 96.4 103.9
53 96.4 104.0
54 96.6 104.0
55 96.6 104.0
56 96.7 104.2
57 96.9 104.2
58 97.0 104.4
59 97.2 104.6
60 97.3 104.7
61 97.6 104.7
62 97.7 104.8
63 98.0 104.9
64 98.1 105.0
65 98.3
66 98.5
67 98.6
68 98.8
69 99.0
70 99.1
71 99.3
72 99.5
73 99.6
74 99.8
75 99.9
76 100.1
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Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Employment Statistics public data series.

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Jobs Day

Percent change in payrolls since February 2020, for private and state and local government employment

 

date Total private-sector employment State and local government employment
Feb-2020 0.0% 0.0%
Mar-2020 -1.1% -0.2%
Apr-2020 -16.2% -4.8%
May-2020 -13.7% -7.4%
Jun-2020 -10.2% -7.4%
Jul-2020 -9.0% -7.0%
Aug-2020 -8.2% -5.8%
Sep-2020 -7.4% -6.0%
Oct-2020 -6.8% -5.9%
Nov-2020 -6.5% -6.0%
Dec-2020 -6.6% -6.1%
Jan-2021 -6.4% -5.5%
Feb-2021 -6.0% -5.6%
Mar-2021 -5.4% -5.1%
Apr-2021 -5.2% -4.9%
May-2021 -4.9% -4.9%
Jun-2021 -4.3% -4.4%
Jul-2021 -3.7% -4.2%
Aug-2021 -3.3% -3.9%
Sep-2021 -2.9% -4.0%
Oct-2021 -2.2% -4.2%
Nov-2021 -1.8% -4.2%
Dec-2021 -1.3% -4.0%
Jan-2022 -1.1% -4.1%
Feb-2022 -0.5% -4.2%
Mar-2022 -0.1% -4.1%
Apr-2022 0.1% -3.9%
May-2022 0.3% -3.8%
Jun-2022 0.6% -3.6%
Jul-2022 1.0% -2.9%
Aug-2022 1.2% -3.0%
Sep-2022 1.4% -2.9%
Oct-2022 1.7% -2.8%
Nov-2022 1.9% -2.5%
Dec-2022 2.0% -2.5%
Jan-2023 2.2% -2.0%
Feb-2023 2.4% -1.7%
Mar-2023 2.4% -1.6%
Apr-2023 2.6% -1.4%
May-2023 2.7% -1.1%
Jun-2023 2.8% -0.7%
Jul-2023 2.9% -0.5%
Aug-2023 3.0% -0.4%
Sep-2023 3.1% 0.0%
Oct-2023 3.2% 0.3%
Nov-2023 3.2% 0.5%
Dec-2023 3.4% 0.7%
Jan-2024 3.4% 0.9%
Feb-2024 3.6% 1.2%
Mar-2024 3.7% 1.5%
Apr-2024 3.8% 1.5%
May-2024 3.9% 1.6%
Jun-2024 4.0% 1.7%
Jul-2024 4.0% 2.0%
Aug-2024 4.0% 2.1%
Sep-2024 4.2% 2.3%
Oct-2024 4.2% 2.5%
Nov-2024 4.4% 2.6%
Dec-2024 4.6% 2.7%
Jan-2025 4.7% 2.9%
Feb-2025 4.7% 2.9%
Mar-2025 4.8% 3.0%
Apr-2025 4.9% 3.1%
May-2025 5.0% 3.2%
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Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.

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Jobs Day

Employment change by industry since February 2020: All employees (thousands), seasonally adjusted, May 2025

Industry Employment change with shortcode
Health care 1650
Professional and business services 1092
Transportation and warehousing 962
Social assistance 869
Construction 704
State/Local government 637
Financial activities 383
Wholesale trade 289
Educational services 219
Leisure and hospitality 164
Other services 105
Federal Government 99
Retail services 57
Utilities 50
Information 30
Manufacturing 18
Mining and logging -59
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Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) Current Employment Statistics, Establishment Survey (CES) public data series.

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Longer-term labor market trends

Jobs Day

Unemployment rate, 1948–2025

date Unemployment Rate
Jan-1948 3.4%
Feb-1948 3.8%
Mar-1948 4.0%
Apr-1948 3.9%
May-1948 3.5%
Jun-1948 3.6%
Jul-1948 3.6%
Aug-1948 3.9%
Sep-1948 3.8%
Oct-1948 3.7%
Nov-1948 3.8%
Dec-1948 4.0%
Jan-1949 4.3%
Feb-1949 4.7%
Mar-1949 5.0%
Apr-1949 5.3%
May-1949 6.1%
Jun-1949 6.2%
Jul-1949 6.7%
Aug-1949 6.8%
Sep-1949 6.6%
Oct-1949 7.9%
Nov-1949 6.4%
Dec-1949 6.6%
Jan-1950 6.5%
Feb-1950 6.4%
Mar-1950 6.3%
Apr-1950 5.8%
May-1950 5.5%
Jun-1950 5.4%
Jul-1950 5.0%
Aug-1950 4.5%
Sep-1950 4.4%
Oct-1950 4.2%
Nov-1950 4.2%
Dec-1950 4.3%
Jan-1951 3.7%
Feb-1951 3.4%
Mar-1951 3.4%
Apr-1951 3.1%
May-1951 3.0%
Jun-1951 3.2%
Jul-1951 3.1%
Aug-1951 3.1%
Sep-1951 3.3%
Oct-1951 3.5%
Nov-1951 3.5%
Dec-1951 3.1%
Jan-1952 3.2%
Feb-1952 3.1%
Mar-1952 2.9%
Apr-1952 2.9%
May-1952 3.0%
Jun-1952 3.0%
Jul-1952 3.2%
Aug-1952 3.4%
Sep-1952 3.1%
Oct-1952 3.0%
Nov-1952 2.8%
Dec-1952 2.7%
Jan-1953 2.9%
Feb-1953 2.6%
Mar-1953 2.6%
Apr-1953 2.7%
May-1953 2.5%
Jun-1953 2.5%
Jul-1953 2.6%
Aug-1953 2.7%
Sep-1953 2.9%
Oct-1953 3.1%
Nov-1953 3.5%
Dec-1953 4.5%
Jan-1954 4.9%
Feb-1954 5.2%
Mar-1954 5.7%
Apr-1954 5.9%
May-1954 5.9%
Jun-1954 5.6%
Jul-1954 5.8%
Aug-1954 6.0%
Sep-1954 6.1%
Oct-1954 5.7%
Nov-1954 5.3%
Dec-1954 5.0%
Jan-1955 4.9%
Feb-1955 4.7%
Mar-1955 4.6%
Apr-1955 4.7%
May-1955 4.3%
Jun-1955 4.2%
Jul-1955 4.0%
Aug-1955 4.2%
Sep-1955 4.1%
Oct-1955 4.3%
Nov-1955 4.2%
Dec-1955 4.2%
Jan-1956 4.0%
Feb-1956 3.9%
Mar-1956 4.2%
Apr-1956 4.0%
May-1956 4.3%
Jun-1956 4.3%
Jul-1956 4.4%
Aug-1956 4.1%
Sep-1956 3.9%
Oct-1956 3.9%
Nov-1956 4.3%
Dec-1956 4.2%
Jan-1957 4.2%
Feb-1957 3.9%
Mar-1957 3.7%
Apr-1957 3.9%
May-1957 4.1%
Jun-1957 4.3%
Jul-1957 4.2%
Aug-1957 4.1%
Sep-1957 4.4%
Oct-1957 4.5%
Nov-1957 5.1%
Dec-1957 5.2%
Jan-1958 5.8%
Feb-1958 6.4%
Mar-1958 6.7%
Apr-1958 7.4%
May-1958 7.4%
Jun-1958 7.3%
Jul-1958 7.5%
Aug-1958 7.4%
Sep-1958 7.1%
Oct-1958 6.7%
Nov-1958 6.2%
Dec-1958 6.2%
Jan-1959 6.0%
Feb-1959 5.9%
Mar-1959 5.6%
Apr-1959 5.2%
May-1959 5.1%
Jun-1959 5.0%
Jul-1959 5.1%
Aug-1959 5.2%
Sep-1959 5.5%
Oct-1959 5.7%
Nov-1959 5.8%
Dec-1959 5.3%
Jan-1960 5.2%
Feb-1960 4.8%
Mar-1960 5.4%
Apr-1960 5.2%
May-1960 5.1%
Jun-1960 5.4%
Jul-1960 5.5%
Aug-1960 5.6%
Sep-1960 5.5%
Oct-1960 6.1%
Nov-1960 6.1%
Dec-1960 6.6%
Jan-1961 6.6%
Feb-1961 6.9%
Mar-1961 6.9%
Apr-1961 7.0%
May-1961 7.1%
Jun-1961 6.9%
Jul-1961 7.0%
Aug-1961 6.6%
Sep-1961 6.7%
Oct-1961 6.5%
Nov-1961 6.1%
Dec-1961 6.0%
Jan-1962 5.8%
Feb-1962 5.5%
Mar-1962 5.6%
Apr-1962 5.6%
May-1962 5.5%
Jun-1962 5.5%
Jul-1962 5.4%
Aug-1962 5.7%
Sep-1962 5.6%
Oct-1962 5.4%
Nov-1962 5.7%
Dec-1962 5.5%
Jan-1963 5.7%
Feb-1963 5.9%
Mar-1963 5.7%
Apr-1963 5.7%
May-1963 5.9%
Jun-1963 5.6%
Jul-1963 5.6%
Aug-1963 5.4%
Sep-1963 5.5%
Oct-1963 5.5%
Nov-1963 5.7%
Dec-1963 5.5%
Jan-1964 5.6%
Feb-1964 5.4%
Mar-1964 5.4%
Apr-1964 5.3%
May-1964 5.1%
Jun-1964 5.2%
Jul-1964 4.9%
Aug-1964 5.0%
Sep-1964 5.1%
Oct-1964 5.1%
Nov-1964 4.8%
Dec-1964 5.0%
Jan-1965 4.9%
Feb-1965 5.1%
Mar-1965 4.7%
Apr-1965 4.8%
May-1965 4.6%
Jun-1965 4.6%
Jul-1965 4.4%
Aug-1965 4.4%
Sep-1965 4.3%
Oct-1965 4.2%
Nov-1965 4.1%
Dec-1965 4.0%
Jan-1966 4.0%
Feb-1966 3.8%
Mar-1966 3.8%
Apr-1966 3.8%
May-1966 3.9%
Jun-1966 3.8%
Jul-1966 3.8%
Aug-1966 3.8%
Sep-1966 3.7%
Oct-1966 3.7%
Nov-1966 3.6%
Dec-1966 3.8%
Jan-1967 3.9%
Feb-1967 3.8%
Mar-1967 3.8%
Apr-1967 3.8%
May-1967 3.8%
Jun-1967 3.9%
Jul-1967 3.8%
Aug-1967 3.8%
Sep-1967 3.8%
Oct-1967 4.0%
Nov-1967 3.9%
Dec-1967 3.8%
Jan-1968 3.7%
Feb-1968 3.8%
Mar-1968 3.7%
Apr-1968 3.5%
May-1968 3.5%
Jun-1968 3.7%
Jul-1968 3.7%
Aug-1968 3.5%
Sep-1968 3.4%
Oct-1968 3.4%
Nov-1968 3.4%
Dec-1968 3.4%
Jan-1969 3.4%
Feb-1969 3.4%
Mar-1969 3.4%
Apr-1969 3.4%
May-1969 3.4%
Jun-1969 3.5%
Jul-1969 3.5%
Aug-1969 3.5%
Sep-1969 3.7%
Oct-1969 3.7%
Nov-1969 3.5%
Dec-1969 3.5%
Jan-1970 3.9%
Feb-1970 4.2%
Mar-1970 4.4%
Apr-1970 4.6%
May-1970 4.8%
Jun-1970 4.9%
Jul-1970 5.0%
Aug-1970 5.1%
Sep-1970 5.4%
Oct-1970 5.5%
Nov-1970 5.9%
Dec-1970 6.1%
Jan-1971 5.9%
Feb-1971 5.9%
Mar-1971 6.0%
Apr-1971 5.9%
May-1971 5.9%
Jun-1971 5.9%
Jul-1971 6.0%
Aug-1971 6.1%
Sep-1971 6.0%
Oct-1971 5.8%
Nov-1971 6.0%
Dec-1971 6.0%
Jan-1972 5.8%
Feb-1972 5.7%
Mar-1972 5.8%
Apr-1972 5.7%
May-1972 5.7%
Jun-1972 5.7%
Jul-1972 5.6%
Aug-1972 5.6%
Sep-1972 5.5%
Oct-1972 5.6%
Nov-1972 5.3%
Dec-1972 5.2%
Jan-1973 4.9%
Feb-1973 5.0%
Mar-1973 4.9%
Apr-1973 5.0%
May-1973 4.9%
Jun-1973 4.9%
Jul-1973 4.8%
Aug-1973 4.8%
Sep-1973 4.8%
Oct-1973 4.6%
Nov-1973 4.8%
Dec-1973 4.9%
Jan-1974 5.1%
Feb-1974 5.2%
Mar-1974 5.1%
Apr-1974 5.1%
May-1974 5.1%
Jun-1974 5.4%
Jul-1974 5.5%
Aug-1974 5.5%
Sep-1974 5.9%
Oct-1974 6.0%
Nov-1974 6.6%
Dec-1974 7.2%
Jan-1975 8.1%
Feb-1975 8.1%
Mar-1975 8.6%
Apr-1975 8.8%
May-1975 9.0%
Jun-1975 8.8%
Jul-1975 8.6%
Aug-1975 8.4%
Sep-1975 8.4%
Oct-1975 8.4%
Nov-1975 8.3%
Dec-1975 8.2%
Jan-1976 7.9%
Feb-1976 7.7%
Mar-1976 7.6%
Apr-1976 7.7%
May-1976 7.4%
Jun-1976 7.6%
Jul-1976 7.8%
Aug-1976 7.8%
Sep-1976 7.6%
Oct-1976 7.7%
Nov-1976 7.8%
Dec-1976 7.8%
Jan-1977 7.5%
Feb-1977 7.6%
Mar-1977 7.4%
Apr-1977 7.2%
May-1977 7.0%
Jun-1977 7.2%
Jul-1977 6.9%
Aug-1977 7.0%
Sep-1977 6.8%
Oct-1977 6.8%
Nov-1977 6.8%
Dec-1977 6.4%
Jan-1978 6.4%
Feb-1978 6.3%
Mar-1978 6.3%
Apr-1978 6.1%
May-1978 6.0%
Jun-1978 5.9%
Jul-1978 6.2%
Aug-1978 5.9%
Sep-1978 6.0%
Oct-1978 5.8%
Nov-1978 5.9%
Dec-1978 6.0%
Jan-1979 5.9%
Feb-1979 5.9%
Mar-1979 5.8%
Apr-1979 5.8%
May-1979 5.6%
Jun-1979 5.7%
Jul-1979 5.7%
Aug-1979 6.0%
Sep-1979 5.9%
Oct-1979 6.0%
Nov-1979 5.9%
Dec-1979 6.0%
Jan-1980 6.3%
Feb-1980 6.3%
Mar-1980 6.3%
Apr-1980 6.9%
May-1980 7.5%
Jun-1980 7.6%
Jul-1980 7.8%
Aug-1980 7.7%
Sep-1980 7.5%
Oct-1980 7.5%
Nov-1980 7.5%
Dec-1980 7.2%
Jan-1981 7.5%
Feb-1981 7.4%
Mar-1981 7.4%
Apr-1981 7.2%
May-1981 7.5%
Jun-1981 7.5%
Jul-1981 7.2%
Aug-1981 7.4%
Sep-1981 7.6%
Oct-1981 7.9%
Nov-1981 8.3%
Dec-1981 8.5%
Jan-1982 8.6%
Feb-1982 8.9%
Mar-1982 9.0%
Apr-1982 9.3%
May-1982 9.4%
Jun-1982 9.6%
Jul-1982 9.8%
Aug-1982 9.8%
Sep-1982 10.1%
Oct-1982 10.4%
Nov-1982 10.8%
Dec-1982 10.8%
Jan-1983 10.4%
Feb-1983 10.4%
Mar-1983 10.3%
Apr-1983 10.2%
May-1983 10.1%
Jun-1983 10.1%
Jul-1983 9.4%
Aug-1983 9.5%
Sep-1983 9.2%
Oct-1983 8.8%
Nov-1983 8.5%
Dec-1983 8.3%
Jan-1984 8.0%
Feb-1984 7.8%
Mar-1984 7.8%
Apr-1984 7.7%
May-1984 7.4%
Jun-1984 7.2%
Jul-1984 7.5%
Aug-1984 7.5%
Sep-1984 7.3%
Oct-1984 7.4%
Nov-1984 7.2%
Dec-1984 7.3%
Jan-1985 7.3%
Feb-1985 7.2%
Mar-1985 7.2%
Apr-1985 7.3%
May-1985 7.2%
Jun-1985 7.4%
Jul-1985 7.4%
Aug-1985 7.1%
Sep-1985 7.1%
Oct-1985 7.1%
Nov-1985 7.0%
Dec-1985 7.0%
Jan-1986 6.7%
Feb-1986 7.2%
Mar-1986 7.2%
Apr-1986 7.1%
May-1986 7.2%
Jun-1986 7.2%
Jul-1986 7.0%
Aug-1986 6.9%
Sep-1986 7.0%
Oct-1986 7.0%
Nov-1986 6.9%
Dec-1986 6.6%
Jan-1987 6.6%
Feb-1987 6.6%
Mar-1987 6.6%
Apr-1987 6.3%
May-1987 6.3%
Jun-1987 6.2%
Jul-1987 6.1%
Aug-1987 6.0%
Sep-1987 5.9%
Oct-1987 6.0%
Nov-1987 5.8%
Dec-1987 5.7%
Jan-1988 5.7%
Feb-1988 5.7%
Mar-1988 5.7%
Apr-1988 5.4%
May-1988 5.6%
Jun-1988 5.4%
Jul-1988 5.4%
Aug-1988 5.6%
Sep-1988 5.4%
Oct-1988 5.4%
Nov-1988 5.3%
Dec-1988 5.3%
Jan-1989 5.4%
Feb-1989 5.2%
Mar-1989 5.0%
Apr-1989 5.2%
May-1989 5.2%
Jun-1989 5.3%
Jul-1989 5.2%
Aug-1989 5.2%
Sep-1989 5.3%
Oct-1989 5.3%
Nov-1989 5.4%
Dec-1989 5.4%
Jan-1990 5.4%
Feb-1990 5.3%
Mar-1990 5.2%
Apr-1990 5.4%
May-1990 5.4%
Jun-1990 5.2%
Jul-1990 5.5%
Aug-1990 5.7%
Sep-1990 5.9%
Oct-1990 5.9%
Nov-1990 6.2%
Dec-1990 6.3%
Jan-1991 6.4%
Feb-1991 6.6%
Mar-1991 6.8%
Apr-1991 6.7%
May-1991 6.9%
Jun-1991 6.9%
Jul-1991 6.8%
Aug-1991 6.9%
Sep-1991 6.9%
Oct-1991 7.0%
Nov-1991 7.0%
Dec-1991 7.3%
Jan-1992 7.3%
Feb-1992 7.4%
Mar-1992 7.4%
Apr-1992 7.4%
May-1992 7.6%
Jun-1992 7.8%
Jul-1992 7.7%
Aug-1992 7.6%
Sep-1992 7.6%
Oct-1992 7.3%
Nov-1992 7.4%
Dec-1992 7.4%
Jan-1993 7.3%
Feb-1993 7.1%
Mar-1993 7.0%
Apr-1993 7.1%
May-1993 7.1%
Jun-1993 7.0%
Jul-1993 6.9%
Aug-1993 6.8%
Sep-1993 6.7%
Oct-1993 6.8%
Nov-1993 6.6%
Dec-1993 6.5%
Jan-1994 6.6%
Feb-1994 6.6%
Mar-1994 6.5%
Apr-1994 6.4%
May-1994 6.1%
Jun-1994 6.1%
Jul-1994 6.1%
Aug-1994 6.0%
Sep-1994 5.9%
Oct-1994 5.8%
Nov-1994 5.6%
Dec-1994 5.5%
Jan-1995 5.6%
Feb-1995 5.4%
Mar-1995 5.4%
Apr-1995 5.8%
May-1995 5.6%
Jun-1995 5.6%
Jul-1995 5.7%
Aug-1995 5.7%
Sep-1995 5.6%
Oct-1995 5.5%
Nov-1995 5.6%
Dec-1995 5.6%
Jan-1996 5.6%
Feb-1996 5.5%
Mar-1996 5.5%
Apr-1996 5.6%
May-1996 5.6%
Jun-1996 5.3%
Jul-1996 5.5%
Aug-1996 5.1%
Sep-1996 5.2%
Oct-1996 5.2%
Nov-1996 5.4%
Dec-1996 5.4%
Jan-1997 5.3%
Feb-1997 5.2%
Mar-1997 5.2%
Apr-1997 5.1%
May-1997 4.9%
Jun-1997 5.0%
Jul-1997 4.9%
Aug-1997 4.8%
Sep-1997 4.9%
Oct-1997 4.7%
Nov-1997 4.6%
Dec-1997 4.7%
Jan-1998 4.6%
Feb-1998 4.6%
Mar-1998 4.7%
Apr-1998 4.3%
May-1998 4.4%
Jun-1998 4.5%
Jul-1998 4.5%
Aug-1998 4.5%
Sep-1998 4.6%
Oct-1998 4.5%
Nov-1998 4.4%
Dec-1998 4.4%
Jan-1999 4.3%
Feb-1999 4.4%
Mar-1999 4.2%
Apr-1999 4.3%
May-1999 4.2%
Jun-1999 4.3%
Jul-1999 4.3%
Aug-1999 4.2%
Sep-1999 4.2%
Oct-1999 4.1%
Nov-1999 4.1%
Dec-1999 4.0%
Jan-2000 4.0%
Feb-2000 4.1%
Mar-2000 4.0%
Apr-2000 3.8%
May-2000 4.0%
Jun-2000 4.0%
Jul-2000 4.0%
Aug-2000 4.1%
Sep-2000 3.9%
Oct-2000 3.9%
Nov-2000 3.9%
Dec-2000 3.9%
Jan-2001 4.2%
Feb-2001 4.2%
Mar-2001 4.3%
Apr-2001 4.4%
May-2001 4.3%
Jun-2001 4.5%
Jul-2001 4.6%
Aug-2001 4.9%
Sep-2001 5.0%
Oct-2001 5.3%
Nov-2001 5.5%
Dec-2001 5.7%
Jan-2002 5.7%
Feb-2002 5.7%
Mar-2002 5.7%
Apr-2002 5.9%
May-2002 5.8%
Jun-2002 5.8%
Jul-2002 5.8%
Aug-2002 5.7%
Sep-2002 5.7%
Oct-2002 5.7%
Nov-2002 5.9%
Dec-2002 6.0%
Jan-2003 5.8%
Feb-2003 5.9%
Mar-2003 5.9%
Apr-2003 6.0%
May-2003 6.1%
Jun-2003 6.3%
Jul-2003 6.2%
Aug-2003 6.1%
Sep-2003 6.1%
Oct-2003 6.0%
Nov-2003 5.8%
Dec-2003 5.7%
Jan-2004 5.7%
Feb-2004 5.6%
Mar-2004 5.8%
Apr-2004 5.6%
May-2004 5.6%
Jun-2004 5.6%
Jul-2004 5.5%
Aug-2004 5.4%
Sep-2004 5.4%
Oct-2004 5.5%
Nov-2004 5.4%
Dec-2004 5.4%
Jan-2005 5.3%
Feb-2005 5.4%
Mar-2005 5.2%
Apr-2005 5.2%
May-2005 5.1%
Jun-2005 5.0%
Jul-2005 5.0%
Aug-2005 4.9%
Sep-2005 5.0%
Oct-2005 5.0%
Nov-2005 5.0%
Dec-2005 4.9%
Jan-2006 4.7%
Feb-2006 4.8%
Mar-2006 4.7%
Apr-2006 4.7%
May-2006 4.6%
Jun-2006 4.6%
Jul-2006 4.7%
Aug-2006 4.7%
Sep-2006 4.5%
Oct-2006 4.4%
Nov-2006 4.5%
Dec-2006 4.4%
Jan-2007 4.6%
Feb-2007 4.5%
Mar-2007 4.4%
Apr-2007 4.5%
May-2007 4.4%
Jun-2007 4.6%
Jul-2007 4.7%
Aug-2007 4.6%
Sep-2007 4.7%
Oct-2007 4.7%
Nov-2007 4.7%
Dec-2007 5.0%
Jan-2008 5.0%
Feb-2008 4.9%
Mar-2008 5.1%
Apr-2008 5.0%
May-2008 5.4%
Jun-2008 5.6%
Jul-2008 5.8%
Aug-2008 6.1%
Sep-2008 6.1%
Oct-2008 6.5%
Nov-2008 6.8%
Dec-2008 7.3%
Jan-2009 7.8%
Feb-2009 8.3%
Mar-2009 8.7%
Apr-2009 9.0%
May-2009 9.4%
Jun-2009 9.5%
Jul-2009 9.5%
Aug-2009 9.6%
Sep-2009 9.8%
Oct-2009 10.0%
Nov-2009 9.9%
Dec-2009 9.9%
Jan-2010 9.8%
Feb-2010 9.8%
Mar-2010 9.9%
Apr-2010 9.9%
May-2010 9.6%
Jun-2010 9.4%
Jul-2010 9.4%
Aug-2010 9.5%
Sep-2010 9.5%
Oct-2010 9.4%
Nov-2010 9.8%
Dec-2010 9.3%
Jan-2011 9.1%
Feb-2011 9.0%
Mar-2011 9.0%
Apr-2011 9.1%
May-2011 9.0%
Jun-2011 9.1%
Jul-2011 9.0%
Aug-2011 9.0%
Sep-2011 9.0%
Oct-2011 8.8%
Nov-2011 8.6%
Dec-2011 8.5%
Jan-2012 8.3%
Feb-2012 8.3%
Mar-2012 8.2%
Apr-2012 8.2%
May-2012 8.2%
Jun-2012 8.2%
Jul-2012 8.2%
Aug-2012 8.1%
Sep-2012 7.8%
Oct-2012 7.8%
Nov-2012 7.7%
Dec-2012 7.9%
Jan-2013 8.0%
Feb-2013 7.7%
Mar-2013 7.5%
Apr-2013 7.6%
May-2013 7.5%
Jun-2013 7.5%
Jul-2013 7.3%
Aug-2013 7.2%
Sep-2013 7.2%
Oct-2013 7.2%
Nov-2013 6.9%
Dec-2013 6.7%
Jan-2014 6.6%
Feb-2014 6.7%
Mar-2014 6.7%
Apr-2014 6.2%
May-2014 6.3%
Jun-2014 6.1%
Jul-2014 6.2%
Aug-2014 6.1%
Sep-2014 5.9%
Oct-2014 5.7%
Nov-2014 5.8%
Dec-2014 5.6%
Jan-2015 5.7%
Feb-2015 5.5%
Mar-2015 5.4%
Apr-2015 5.4%
May-2015 5.6%
Jun-2015 5.3%
Jul-2015 5.2%
Aug-2015 5.1%
Sep-2015 5.0%
Oct-2015 5.0%
Nov-2015 5.1%
Dec-2015 5.0%
Jan-2016 4.8%
Feb-2016 4.9%
Mar-2016 5.0%
Apr-2016 5.1%
May-2016 4.8%
Jun-2016 4.9%
Jul-2016 4.8%
Aug-2016 4.9%
Sep-2016 5.0%
Oct-2016 4.9%
Nov-2016 4.7%
Dec-2016 4.7%
Jan-2017 4.7%
Feb-2017 4.6%
Mar-2017 4.4%
Apr-2017 4.4%
May-2017 4.4%
Jun-2017 4.3%
Jul-2017 4.3%
Aug-2017 4.4%
Sep-2017 4.3%
Oct-2017 4.2%
Nov-2017 4.2%
Dec-2017 4.1%
Jan-2018 4.0%
Feb-2018 4.1%
Mar-2018 4.0%
Apr-2018 4.0%
May-2018 3.8%
Jun-2018 4.0%
Jul-2018 3.8%
Aug-2018 3.8%
Sep-2018 3.7%
Oct-2018 3.8%
Nov-2018 3.8%
Dec-2018 3.9%
Jan-2019 4.0%
Feb-2019 3.8%
Mar-2019 3.8%
Apr-2019 3.7%
May-2019 3.6%
Jun-2019 3.6%
Jul-2019 3.7%
Aug-2019 3.6%
Sep-2019 3.5%
Oct-2019 3.6%
Nov-2019 3.6%
Dec-2019 3.6%
Jan-2020 3.6%
Feb-2020 3.5%
Mar-2020 4.4%
Apr-2020 14.8%
May-2020 13.2%
Jun-2020 11.0%
Jul-2020 10.2%
Aug-2020 8.4%
Sep-2020 7.8%
Oct-2020 6.9%
Nov-2020 6.7%
Dec-2020 6.7%
Jan-2021 6.4%
Feb-2021 6.2%
Mar-2021 6.1%
Apr-2021 6.1%
May-2021 5.8%
Jun-2021 5.9%
Jul-2021 5.4%
Aug-2021 5.1%
Sep-2021 4.7%
Oct-2021 4.5%
Nov-2021 4.2%
Dec-2021 3.9%
Jan-2022 4.0%
Feb-2022 3.8%
Mar-2022 3.7%
Apr-2022 3.7%
May-2022 3.6%
Jun-2022 3.6%
Jul-2022 3.5%
Aug-2022 3.6%
Sep-2022 3.5%
Oct-2022 3.6%
Nov-2022 3.6%
Dec-2022 3.5%
Jan-2023 3.5%
Feb-2023 3.6%
Mar-2023 3.5%
Apr-2023 3.4%
May-2023 3.6%
Jun-2023 3.6%
Jul-2023 3.5%
Aug-2023 3.7%
Sep-2023 3.8%
Oct-2023 3.9%
Nov-2023 3.7%
Dec-2023 3.8%
Jan-2024 3.7%
Feb-2024 3.9%
Mar-2024 3.9%
Apr-2024 3.9%
May-2024 4.0%
Jun-2024 4.1%
Jul-2024 4.2%
Aug-2024 4.2%
Sep-2024 4.1%
Oct-2024 4.1%
Nov-2024 4.2%
Dec-2024 4.1%
Jan-2025 4.0%
Feb-2025 4.1%
Mar-2025 4.2%
Apr-2025 4.2%
May-2025 4.2%
ChartData Download data

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Note: Shaded areas denote recessions.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey. 

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Jobs Day

Unemployment rate by race and ethnicity, 1995–2025

Date White Black Hispanic AAPI
Jan-1995 4.8 10.3 10.2
Feb-1995 4.7 10.1 9
Mar-1995 4.7 9.7 8.9
Apr-1995 5 10.7 8.9
May-1995 5 10 9.8
Jun-1995 4.9 10.7 9.1
Jul-1995 4.9 10.9 8.8
Aug-1995 4.9 11.1 9.6
Sep-1995 4.9 11.1 9.1
Oct-1995 4.9 10 9.4
Nov-1995 5 9.7 9.5
Dec-1995 4.9 10.2 9.3
Jan-1996 4.9 10.6 9.4
Feb-1996 4.8 10 9.6
Mar-1996 4.8 10.6 9.6
Apr-1996 4.8 10.7 9.6
May-1996 4.9 10.2 9.6
Jun-1996 4.6 10.4 8.8
Jul-1996 4.7 10.6 8.8
Aug-1996 4.4 10.6 8.8
Sep-1996 4.5 10.6 8.2
Oct-1996 4.5 10.7 8
Nov-1996 4.6 10.6 8.5
Dec-1996 4.6 10.5 7.4
Jan-1997 4.5 10.8 8.4
Feb-1997 4.5 10.7 8.2
Mar-1997 4.4 10.5 8.3
Apr-1997 4.3 10.2 8.2
May-1997 4.1 10.3 7.7
Jun-1997 4.2 10.8 7.5
Jul-1997 4.2 9.5 7.9
Aug-1997 4.2 9.4 7.2
Sep-1997 4.2 9.5 7.4
Oct-1997 4.1 9.5 7.8
Nov-1997 3.9 9.5 7
Dec-1997 3.9 10 7.3
Jan-1998 4 9.4 7.1
Feb-1998 3.9 9.3 6.9
Mar-1998 4 9.2 6.9
Apr-1998 3.7 9.1 6.7
May-1998 3.8 8.9 6.9
Jun-1998 3.9 8.8 7.4
Jul-1998 3.8 9.5 7.3
Aug-1998 3.9 8.8 7.4
Sep-1998 3.9 9.1 7.3
Oct-1998 3.9 8.6 7.2
Nov-1998 3.8 8.6 7.1
Dec-1998 3.8 7.7 7.7
Jan-1999 3.8 7.8 6.7
Feb-1999 3.8 8.2 6.7
Mar-1999 3.6 8 5.8
Apr-1999 3.8 7.8 7
May-1999 3.7 7.4 6.7
Jun-1999 3.8 7.7 6.6
Jul-1999 3.7 8.7 6.5
Aug-1999 3.7 7.7 6.5
Sep-1999 3.6 8.5 6.7
Oct-1999 3.5 8.4 6.4
Nov-1999 3.5 8 6
Dec-1999 3.5 7.8 5.8
Jan-2000 3.4 8.2 5.6
Feb-2000 3.6 8.1 5.7
Mar-2000 3.5 7.4 6.1
Apr-2000 3.4 7% 5.5
May-2000 3.5 7.7 5.8
Jun-2000 3.4 7.8 5.6
Jul-2000 3.5 7.7 5.8
Aug-2000 3.6 7.9 5.9
Sep-2000 3.5 7.3 5.8
Oct-2000 3.4% 7.3 5.1
Nov-2000 3.5 7.3 6
Dec-2000 3.5 7.4 5.7
Jan-2001 3.6 8.2 5.8
Feb-2001 3.7 7.7 6.1
Mar-2001 3.7 8.3 6.2
Apr-2001 3.9 8 6.4
May-2001 3.8 7.9 6.3
Jun-2001 4 8.3 6.6
Jul-2001 4 8 6.2
Aug-2001 4.3 9.1 6.5
Sep-2001 4.3 8.9 6.7
Oct-2001 4.7 9.5 7.1
Nov-2001 4.9 9.8 7.3
Dec-2001 5.1 10.1 7.7
Jan-2002 5.1 10 7.8
Feb-2002 5 9.9 7
Mar-2002 5 10.5 7.5
Apr-2002 5.2 10.7 8
May-2002 5.1 10.2 7.1
Jun-2002 5.1 10.5 7.4
Jul-2002 5.2 9.8 7.4
Aug-2002 5.1 9.8 7.5
Sep-2002 5.1 9.7 7.4
Oct-2002 5.1 9.8 7.9
Nov-2002 5.1 10.7 7.8
Dec-2002 5.1 11.3 7.9
Jan-2003 5.2 10.5 7.9 5.5
Feb-2003 5.1 10.7 7.7 5.8
Mar-2003 5.1 10.3 7.8 6.5
Apr-2003 5.3 10.9 7.6 6
May-2003 5.4 10.9 8 5.5
Jun-2003 5.5 11.5 8.3 7.4
Jul-2003 5.4 10.9 8 5.9
Aug-2003 5.4 10.9 7.7 6
Sep-2003 5.3 11.1 7.3 6.4
Oct-2003 5.1 11.4 7.5 6.2
Nov-2003 5.2 10.2 7.4 5.2
Dec-2003 5 10.1 6.7 5.4
Jan-2004 5 10.4 7.3 5
Feb-2004 4.9 9.7 7.4 4.5
Mar-2004 5.1 10.3 7.6 4.3
Apr-2004 5 9.8 7.1 4.7
May-2004 4.9 10.1 6.9 4.6
Jun-2004 5 10.2 6.6 4.6
Jul-2004 4.7 11 6.8 3.9
Aug-2004 4.7 10.5 6.8 3.7
Sep-2004 4.6 10.3 6.8 4.5
Oct-2004 4.6 10.8 6.8 4.9
Nov-2004 4.6 10.7 6.7 4.1
Dec-2004 4.5 10.7 6.6 4.2
Jan-2005 4.5 10.6 6 4.1
Feb-2005 4.6 10.9 6.3 4.3
Mar-2005 4.5 10.5 5.8 3.9
Apr-2005 4.4 10.3 6.4 4.2
May-2005 4.4 10.1 6 4.2
Jun-2005 4.3 10.2 5.7 3.6
Jul-2005 4.2 9.2 5.5 4.8
Aug-2005 4.2 9.7 5.8 3.7
Sep-2005 4.4 9.4 6.4 4.3
Oct-2005 4.4 9.1 6 3.2
Nov-2005 4.3 10.6 6.1 3.6
Dec-2005 4.2 9.2 6.1 3.8
Jan-2006 4.1 8.9 5.5 3
Feb-2006 4.1 9.5 5.4 3
Mar-2006 4 9.5 5.2 3.5
Apr-2006 4.1 9.4 5.5 3.9
May-2006 4.1 8.7 5 3.3
Jun-2006 4.1 8.9 5.2 3.1
Jul-2006 4.1 9.5 5.2 2.4
Aug-2006 4.1 8.8 5.3 3
Sep-2006 3.9 9 5.5 3
Oct-2006 3.9 8.4 4.8% 2.8
Nov-2006 4 8.5 5.1 3.1
Dec-2006 3.9 8.3 5 2.5
Jan-2007 4.2 7.9 5.5 3.1
Feb-2007 4.1 8 5.1 2.6
Mar-2007 3.8 8.4 5 3
Apr-2007 4 8.3 5.6 3.5
May-2007 3.9 8.3 5.8 3.2
Jun-2007 4.1 8.5 5.5 2.7
Jul-2007 4.2 8.1 5.9 2.7
Aug-2007 4.2 7.6 5.5 3.5
Sep-2007 4.2 8 5.9 3.4
Oct-2007 4.1 8.5 5.7 3.8
Nov-2007 4.2 8.5 5.9 3.6
Dec-2007 4.4 9 6.3 3.7
Jan-2008 4.4 9.1 6.3 3.1
Feb-2008 4.4 8.4 6.2 2.9
Mar-2008 4.5 9.2 6.9 3.6
Apr-2008 4.4 8.6 7.1 3.5
May-2008 4.8 9.6 6.9 4.1
Jun-2008 5 9.4 7.6 4.2
Jul-2008 5.2 10 7.5 3.7
Aug-2008 5.4 10.6 8 4.5
Sep-2008 5.4 11.3 8 4
Oct-2008 5.9 11.4 8.8 3.9
Nov-2008 6.2 11.5 8.7 4.8
Dec-2008 6.7 12.1 9.4 5.1
Jan-2009 7.1 12.7 10.1 6.1
Feb-2009 7.6 13.7 11.3 6.7
Mar-2009 8 13.7 11.7 6.5
Apr-2009 8.1 15 11.4 6.8
May-2009 8.5 15 12.3 7
Jun-2009 8.7 14.8 12.1 7.9
Jul-2009 8.7 14.8 12.5 8.1
Aug-2009 8.9 16.8% 13 7.6
Sep-2009 8.9 15.3 12.6 7.6
Oct-2009 9.2 15.8 12.8 7.6
Nov-2009 9.2% 15.7 12.4 7.2
Dec-2009 9 16.1 12.8 8.4
Jan-2010 8.8 16.5 12.9 8.3
Feb-2010 8.9 16.1 12.7 8.2
Mar-2010 8.9 16.8 13% 7.6
Apr-2010 9 16.6 12.5 7
May-2010 8.7 15.5 12 7.8
Jun-2010 8.6 15.2 12.3 7.4
Jul-2010 8.5 15.6 12.2 7.9
Aug-2010 8.6 15.9 12 7.3
Sep-2010 8.6 16 12.3 6.6
Oct-2010 8.6 15.6 12.3 7.2
Nov-2010 8.9 16.2 12.9 7.5
Dec-2010 8.5 15.5 12.9 7.2
Jan-2011 8.1 15.8 12.3 6.8
Feb-2011 8.1 15.5 11.8 6.7
Mar-2011 8 15.8 11.6 7.3
Apr-2011 8.1 16.5 11.9 6.5
May-2011 7.9 16.3 11.6 7.2
Jun-2011 8.1 16.2 11.5 6.5
Jul-2011 8 15.9 11.2 7.4
Aug-2011 7.9 16.4 11.2 7.2
Sep-2011 7.9 15.9 11.2 8
Oct-2011 7.9 14.6 11.3 7.4
Nov-2011 7.7 15.6 11.2 6.4
Dec-2011 7.5 15.4 11.1 6.8
Jan-2012 7.4 13.6 10.7 6.7
Feb-2012 7.4 14 10.9 6.2
Mar-2012 7.3 14 10.6 6.4
Apr-2012 7.4 13.3 10.3 5.4
May-2012 7.4 13.5 10.9 5.5
Jun-2012 7.3 14.5 10.9 6.1
Jul-2012 7.3 14.2 10.2 5.9
Aug-2012 7.2 13.8 10.1 5.9
Sep-2012 7 13.6 9.7 4.9
Oct-2012 6.9 14.1 10 4.9
Nov-2012 6.8 13.3 9.9 6.3
Dec-2012 6.9 14 9.6 6.6
Jan-2013 7.1 13.7 9.7 6.4
Feb-2013 6.8 13.8 9.7 6
Mar-2013 6.7 13 9.3 5.1
Apr-2013 6.7 13.3 9 5.3
May-2013 6.7 13.4 9 4.5
Jun-2013 6.6 14.2 9.1 4.7
Jul-2013 6.5 12.6 9.4 5.3
Aug-2013 6.4 12.8 9.2 5.1
Sep-2013 6.3 13 8.8 5.4
Oct-2013 6.3 12.8 9.1 5.4
Nov-2013 6.1 12.3 8.7 5.2
Dec-2013 5.9 11.9 8.3 4.3
Jan-2014 5.7 12.1 8.3 4.7
Feb-2014 5.8 11.8 8.2 5.9
Mar-2014 5.8 12.1 7.9 5.5
Apr-2014 5.3 11.6 7.2 5.9
May-2014 5.4 11.4 7.7 5.7
Jun-2014 5.3 11 7.8 4.7
Jul-2014 5.3 11.6 7.7 4.2
Aug-2014 5.3 11.4 7.4 4.5
Sep-2014 5.1 11 6.8 4.4
Oct-2014 4.9 10.6 6.8 5.1
Nov-2014 5 10.9 6.6 4.8
Dec-2014 4.7 10.6 6.4 4.4
Jan-2015 4.9 10.3 6.7 4
Feb-2015 4.7 10.1 6.8 4
Mar-2015 4.8 9.9 6.8 3.2
Apr-2015 4.7 9.7 6.8 4.4
May-2015 4.8 10.3 6.8 4.1
Jun-2015 4.6 9.7 6.7 3.9
Jul-2015 4.5 9.1 6.9 3.9
Aug-2015 4.4 9.4 6.6 3.4
Sep-2015 4.4 9.3 6.2 3.5
Oct-2015 4.4 9 6.3 3.5
Nov-2015 4.4 9.4 6.4 3.9
Dec-2015 4.4 8.5 6.2 4.1
Jan-2016 4.2 8.5 5.9 3.6
Feb-2016 4.2 8.6 5.5 3.8
Mar-2016 4.3 8.9 5.6 3.9
Apr-2016 4.4 8.8 6.2 3.8
May-2016 4.2 8.2 5.7 4.1
Jun-2016 4.3 8.7 6 3.6
Jul-2016 4.2 8.2 5.4 3.8
Aug-2016 4.4 8 5.6 4.1
Sep-2016 4.4 8.5 6.2 3.8
Oct-2016 4.4 8.5 5.7 3.4
Nov-2016 4.2 8.2 5.6 3.1
Dec-2016 4.2 8 5.8 2.7
Jan-2017 4.2 7.4 5.8 3.7
Feb-2017 4 8 5.6 3.4
Mar-2017 3.9 7.9 5 3.3
Apr-2017 3.9 7.8 5.2 3.3
May-2017 3.8 7.6 5.2 3.6
Jun-2017 3.8 7.1 5 3.7
Jul-2017 3.7 7.2 5.1 3.8
Aug-2017 3.9 7.5 5.1 3.9
Sep-2017 3.7 7.2 5.1 3.6
Oct-2017 3.6 7.6 5 3
Nov-2017 3.7 7.5 4.9 3
Dec-2017 3.7 6.9 5 2.5
Jan-2018 3.5 7.5 4.9 3
Feb-2018 3.6 6.8 4.9 2.9
Mar-2018 3.5 6.6 4.9 3.1
Apr-2018 3.6 6.5 4.8 2.9
May-2018 3.5 5.8 4.8 2.2
Jun-2018 3.5 6.5 4.6 3.3
Jul-2018 3.3 6.4 4.5 3.1
Aug-2018 3.4 6.2 4.7 2.9
Sep-2018 3.3 6.2 4.6 3.5
Oct-2018 3.3 6.4 4.4 3.1
Nov-2018 3.4 6.2 4.6 2.8
Dec-2018 3.4 6.8 4.5 3.3
Jan-2019 3.5 6.9 4.8 3
Feb-2019 3.2 7 4.3 3.1
Mar-2019 3.3 6.5 4.5 3.1
Apr-2019 3.2 6.6 4.1 2.3
May-2019 3.3 6.1 4.1 2.5
Jun-2019 3.3 6 4.3 2.2
Jul-2019 3.3 5.6 4.4 2.8
Aug-2019 3.4 5.2 4.2 2.8
Sep-2019 3.2 5.4 4 2.5
Oct-2019 3.3 5.6 4.2 2.9
Nov-2019 3.3 5.7 4.3 2.6
Dec-2019 3.1 6.2 4.3 2.6
Jan-2020 3 6.1 4.3 3.1
Feb-2020 3 6 4.4 2.4
Mar-2020 3.9 6.8 6 4.1
Apr-2020 14.1 16.7 18.9 14.5
May-2020 12.3 16.7 17.6 14.9
Jun-2020 10.1 15.3 14.5 13.9
Jul-2020 9.2 14.4 12.7 11.9
Aug-2020 7.4 12.8 10.5 10.6
Sep-2020 7 12 10.3 8.8
Oct-2020 6 10.8 8.8 7.6
Nov-2020 5.9 10.3 8.4 6.7
Dec-2020 6 9.9 9.3 5.9
Jan-2021 5.7 9.2 8.6 6.6
Feb-2021 5.6 9.9 8.5 5.1
Mar-2021 5.4 9.6 7.9 6
Apr-2021 5.3 9.7 7.9 5.7
May-2021 5.1 9.1 7.3 5.5
Jun-2021 5.2 9.2 7.4 5.8
Jul-2021 4.8 8.2 6.6 5.3
Aug-2021 4.5 8.8 6.4 4.6
Sep-2021 4.2 7.9 6.3 4.2
Oct-2021 4 7.9 5.9 4.2
Nov-2021 3.7 6.5 5.2 3.9
Dec-2021 3.2 7.1 4.9 3.8 
Jan-2022 3.4  6.9 4.9 3.6 
Feb-2022 3.3  6.6 4.4  3.1 
Mar-2022  3.2 6.2 4.2 2.8
Apr-2022 3.2  5.9 4.1 3.1
May-2022  3.2  6.2  4.3 2.4 
Jun-2022 3.3 5.8 4.3 3
Jul-2022 3.1  6.0 3.9 2.6
Aug-2022 3.2%  6.4 4.5 2.8
Sep-2022 3.1%  5.8%  3.8%  2.5%
Oct-2022 3.3%  5.9%  4.2%  2.9% 
Nov-2022 3.3%  5.7%  4.0% 2.6% 
Dec-2022 3.0%  5.7%  4.1%  2.4% 
Jan-2023 3.1%  5.4%  4.5%  2.8%
Feb-2023 3.2%  5.7%  5.3%  3.4% 
Mar-2023 3.2%  5.0%  4.6%  2.8% 
Apr-2023 3.1%  4.7%  4.4%  2.8% 
May-2023 3.3%  5.6%  4.0%  2.9% 
June-2023 3.1%  6.0%  4.3%  3.2% 
Jul-2023 3.1%  5.8%  4.4%  2.3% 
Aug-2023 3.4%  5.3% 4.9%  3.2% 
Sep-2023 3.4 5.7  4.6  2.9
Oct-2023 3.5%  5.8% 4.8% 3.1% 
Nov-2023 3.3%  5.8%  4.6%  3.5% 
Dec-2023 3.5% 5.2%  5.0%  3.1% 
Jan-2024 3.4% 5.3% 5.0% 2.9%
Feb-2024 3.4% 5.6% 5.1% 3.4%
Mar-2024 3.4% 6.4% 4.5% 2.6%
Apr-2024 3.5% 5.6% 4.8% 2.9%
May-2024 3.5% 6.1% 5.0% 3.1%
Jun-2024 3.5% 6.3% 4.9% 4.1%
Jul-2024 3.8% 6.3% 5.3% 3.7%
Aug-2024 3.8% 6.1% 5.4% 4.1%
Sep-2024 3.7% 5.7% 5.1% 4.1%
Oct-2024 3.8% 5.7% 5.1% 3.9%
Nov-2024 3.8% 6.4% 5.3% 3.8%
Dec-2024 3.6% 6.1% 5.1% 3.5%
Jan-2025 3.5% 6.2% 4.8% 3.7%
Feb-2025 3.8% 6.0% 5.2% 3.2%
Mar-2025 3.7% 6.2% 5.1% 3.5%
Apr-2025 3.8% 6.3% 5.2% 3.0%
May-2025 3.8% 6.0% 5.1% 3.6%
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Notes: AAPI refers to Asian American and Pacific Islander. Racial and ethnic categories are not mutually exclusive; white and Black data do not exclude Latinx workers of each race. Low-point and high-point of each series prior to the recovery from the Great Recession marked. Data are for workers 16 and older.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey, public data series. 

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Jobs Day

Employment-to-population ratio, ages 25–54, by gender, 1989–2025

date Men Women
Jan-2007 88.0% 72.8%
Feb-2007 87.9% 72.6%
Mar-2007 88.0% 72.7%
Apr-2007 87.9% 72.2%
May-2007 87.7% 72.5%
Jun-2007 87.5% 72.5%
Jul-2007 87.3% 72.4%
Aug-2007 87.2% 72.6%
Sep-2007 87.1% 72.5%
Oct-2007 86.9% 72.4%
Nov-2007 87.2% 72.5%
Dec-2007 87.2% 72.4%
Jan-2008 87.4% 72.7%
Feb-2008 87.4% 72.6%
Mar-2008 87.1% 72.6%
Apr-2008 86.7% 72.7%
May-2008 86.5% 72.6%
Jun-2008 86.3% 72.6%
Jul-2008 86.2% 72.4%
Aug-2008 85.8% 72.1%
Sep-2008 85.4% 72.3%
Oct-2008 85.2% 71.9%
Nov-2008 84.7% 71.7%
Dec-2008 83.7% 71.6%
Jan-2009 83.1% 71.1%
Feb-2009 82.5% 71.0%
Mar-2009 82.0% 70.6%
Apr-2009 81.8% 70.7%
May-2009 81.5% 70.4%
Jun-2009 81.5% 70.4%
Jul-2009 81.3% 70.4%
Aug-2009 81.2% 70.0%
Sep-2009 80.8% 69.5%
Oct-2009 80.8% 69.4%
Nov-2009 80.7% 69.8%
Dec-2009 80.4% 69.2%
Jan-2010 80.7% 69.8%
Feb-2010 80.6% 69.7%
Mar-2010 80.8% 69.5%
Apr-2010 81.3% 69.6%
May-2010 81.1% 69.3%
Jun-2010 81.1% 69.5%
Jul-2010 81.1% 69.1%
Aug-2010 81.2% 69.0%
Sep-2010 81.2% 69.1%
Oct-2010 81.1% 69.0%
Nov-2010 80.7% 69.1%
Dec-2010 80.8% 69.4%
Jan-2011 81.2% 69.3%
Feb-2011 81.4% 69.0%
Mar-2011 81.4% 69.3%
Apr-2011 81.2% 69.1%
May-2011 81.6% 68.9%
Jun-2011 81.3% 68.8%
Jul-2011 81.1% 69.0%
Aug-2011 81.4% 68.9%
Sep-2011 81.3% 68.7%
Oct-2011 81.1% 68.9%
Nov-2011 81.9% 68.8%
Dec-2011 82.1% 68.9%
Jan-2012 82.5% 68.9%
Feb-2012 82.4% 68.9%
Mar-2012 82.5% 69.2%
Apr-2012 82.5% 69.1%
May-2012 82.5% 69.2%
Jun-2012 82.6% 69.0%
Jul-2012 82.4% 69.1%
Aug-2012 82.4% 69.2%
Sep-2012 82.7% 69.5%
Oct-2012 82.9% 69.6%
Nov-2012 82.5% 69.4%
Dec-2012 82.8% 69.4%
Jan-2013 82.6% 68.9%
Feb-2013 82.8% 69.0%
Mar-2013 82.8% 69.0%
Apr-2013 82.8% 69.1%
May-2013 83.0% 69.3%
Jun-2013 82.9% 69.2%
Jul-2013 82.9% 69.4%
Aug-2013 82.6% 69.6%
Sep-2013 82.6% 69.6%
Oct-2013 82.4% 69.0%
Nov-2013 83.0% 69.3%
Dec-2013 83.0% 69.5%
Jan-2014 83.2% 69.8%
Feb-2014 83.0% 70.1%
Mar-2014 83.5% 69.8%
Apr-2014 83.2% 69.9%
May-2014 83.3% 69.8%
Jun-2014 83.8% 70.2%
Jul-2014 83.8% 69.8%
Aug-2014 83.9% 70.1%
Sep-2014 84.1% 69.8%
Oct-2014 84.0% 70.1%
Nov-2014 83.9% 70.3%
Dec-2014 84.2% 70.3%
Jan-2015 84.3% 70.2%
Feb-2015 84.3% 70.3%
Mar-2015 84.5% 70.0%
Apr-2015 84.4% 70.2%
May-2015 84.3% 70.4%
Jun-2015 84.5% 70.5%
Jul-2015 84.4% 70.1%
Aug-2015 84.6% 70.2%
Sep-2015 84.6% 70.2%
Oct-2015 84.4% 70.3%
Nov-2015 84.4% 70.7%
Dec-2015 84.5% 70.6%
Jan-2016 84.9% 70.7%
Feb-2016 84.9% 70.8%
Mar-2016 85.2% 70.9%
Apr-2016 84.8% 70.9%
May-2016 84.9% 71.0%
Jun-2016 85.1% 71.0%
Jul-2016 84.9% 71.4%
Aug-2016 84.9% 71.1%
Sep-2016 84.9% 71.4%
Oct-2016 85.0% 71.5%
Nov-2016 85.0% 71.4%
Dec-2016 85.0% 71.4%
Jan-2017 85.3% 71.3%
Feb-2017 85.2% 71.7%
Mar-2017 85.2% 72.0%
Apr-2017 85.5% 72.0%
May-2017 85.3% 72.0%
Jun-2017 85.4% 72.1%
Jul-2017 85.3% 72.4%
Aug-2017 85.0% 72.1%
Sep-2017 85.6% 72.5%
Oct-2017 85.6% 72.1%
Nov-2017 85.5% 72.5%
Dec-2017 86.0% 72.2%
Jan-2018 86.0% 72.1%
Feb-2018 86.4% 72.4%
Mar-2018 86.2% 72.4%
Apr-2018 86.3% 72.3%
May-2018 86.4% 72.5%
Jun-2018 86.1% 72.8%
Jul-2018 86.2% 73.1%
Aug-2018 86.0% 72.8%
Sep-2018 85.9% 73.0%
Oct-2018 86.1% 73.4%
Nov-2018 86.2% 73.1%
Dec-2018 86.0% 73.3%
Jan-2019 86.5% 73.3%
Feb-2019 86.5% 73.4%
Mar-2019 86.7% 73.1%
Apr-2019 86.4% 73.2%
May-2019 86.3% 73.3%
Jun-2019 86.2% 73.5%
Jul-2019 86.2% 73.1%
Aug-2019 86.2% 73.9%
Sep-2019 86.4% 74.2%
Oct-2019 86.5% 74.3%
Nov-2019 86.7% 74.2%
Dec-2019 86.5% 74.5%
Jan-2020 86.7% 74.6%
Feb-2020 86.4% 74.6%
Mar-2020 85.7% 73.4%
Apr-2020 75.9% 63.4%
May-2020 78.0% 64.9%
Jun-2020 79.5% 67.6%
Jul-2020 79.8% 68.0%
Aug-2020 81.5% 69.1%
Sep-2020 81.5% 68.9%
Oct-2020 82.2% 70.1%
Nov-2020 82.0% 70.3%
Dec-2020 82.4% 70.5%
Jan-2021 82.6% 70.4%
Feb-2021 82.6% 70.7%
Mar-2021 82.6% 71.1%
Apr-2021 82.8% 71.1%
May-2021 83.0% 71.3%
Jun-2021 83.1% 71.3%
Jul-2021 83.8% 71.9%
Aug-2021 84.0% 71.9%
Sep-2021 84.2% 72.0%
Oct-2021 84.7% 72.3%
Nov-2021 85.0% 73.0%
Dec-2021 85.2% 73.4%
Jan-2022 85.1% 73.4%
Feb-2022 85.8% 73.2%
Mar-2022 85.8% 74.2%
Apr-2022 85.9% 73.9%
May-2022 86.0% 74.1%
Jun-2022 85.8% 73.9%
Jul-2022 85.8% 74.1%
Aug-2022 85.9% 74.7%
Sep-2022 86.1% 74.4%
Oct-2022 85.9% 74.0%
Nov-2022 85.8% 73.9%
Dec-2022 86.3% 74.2%
Jan-2023 85.9% 74.7%
Feb-2023 86.2% 74.8%
Mar-2023 86.3% 75.0%
Apr-2023 86.3% 75.1%
May-2023 86.4% 75.1%
Jun-2023 86.4% 75.3%
Jul-2023 86.5% 75.3%
Aug-2023 86.4% 75.3%
Sep-2023 86.4% 75.3%
Oct-2023 86.0% 75.3%
Nov-2023 86.3% 75.2%
Dec-2023 86.2% 74.8%
Jan-2024 86.2% 75.0%
Feb-2024 86.3% 75.2%
Mar-2024 86.3% 75.1%
Apr-2024 86.1% 75.5%
May-2024 86.0% 75.7%
Jun-2024 86.5% 75.1%
Jul-2024 86.6% 75.3%
Aug-2024 86.3% 75.6%
Sep-2024 86.4% 75.5%
Oct-2024 86.3% 74.9%
Nov-2024 86.1% 74.8%
Dec-2024 86.1% 75.0%
Jan-2025 86.4% 75.1%
Feb-2025 86.1% 75.1%
Mar-2025 86.0% 74.9%
Apr-2025 86.4% 75.0%
May-2025 86.1% 74.9%
ChartData Download data

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Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.

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Jobs day

Labor force participation rate, ages 25–54, by gender, 1989–2025

date Men Women
Jan-2007 91.5% 75.6%
Feb-2007 91.4% 75.3%
Mar-2007 91.2% 75.3%
Apr-2007 91.1% 75.0%
May-2007 90.9% 75.3%
Jun-2007 90.7% 75.3%
Jul-2007 90.6% 75.4%
Aug-2007 90.5% 75.5%
Sep-2007 90.4% 75.4%
Oct-2007 90.3% 75.3%
Nov-2007 90.6% 75.5%
Dec-2007 90.9% 75.5%
Jan-2008 91.1% 75.7%
Feb-2008 91.0% 75.5%
Mar-2008 90.9% 75.8%
Apr-2008 90.6% 75.8%
May-2008 90.5% 75.9%
Jun-2008 90.5% 76.0%
Jul-2008 90.7% 75.7%
Aug-2008 90.5% 76.0%
Sep-2008 90.5% 75.8%
Oct-2008 90.4% 75.8%
Nov-2008 90.3% 75.9%
Dec-2008 89.9% 75.9%
Jan-2009 90.0% 75.8%
Feb-2009 89.8% 76.0%
Mar-2009 89.7% 75.7%
Apr-2009 89.9% 75.9%
May-2009 90.1% 75.8%
Jun-2009 90.0% 75.9%
Jul-2009 89.8% 75.8%
Aug-2009 90.1% 75.6%
Sep-2009 89.8% 75.3%
Oct-2009 89.8% 75.3%
Nov-2009 89.6% 75.4%
Dec-2009 88.9% 75.2%
Jan-2010 89.2% 75.6%
Feb-2010 89.2% 75.5%
Mar-2010 89.5% 75.5%
Apr-2010 89.7% 75.6%
May-2010 89.5% 75.2%
Jun-2010 89.5% 75.1%
Jul-2010 89.2% 74.8%
Aug-2010 89.3% 74.9%
Sep-2010 89.3% 74.9%
Oct-2010 88.9% 74.9%
Nov-2010 88.9% 75.3%
Dec-2010 88.6% 75.2%
Jan-2011 88.6% 74.9%
Feb-2011 88.7% 74.7%
Mar-2011 88.8% 74.9%
Apr-2011 88.7% 74.9%
May-2011 89.0% 74.6%
Jun-2011 88.9% 74.6%
Jul-2011 88.6% 74.5%
Aug-2011 88.7% 74.7%
Sep-2011 88.6% 74.6%
Oct-2011 88.4% 74.4%
Nov-2011 88.7% 74.4%
Dec-2011 88.7% 74.6%
Jan-2012 88.8% 74.5%
Feb-2012 88.7% 74.5%
Mar-2012 88.9% 74.5%
Apr-2012 88.7% 74.4%
May-2012 88.6% 74.5%
Jun-2012 88.9% 74.4%
Jul-2012 88.6% 74.5%
Aug-2012 88.6% 74.5%
Sep-2012 88.6% 74.6%
Oct-2012 88.8% 74.7%
Nov-2012 88.4% 74.3%
Dec-2012 88.6% 74.6%
Jan-2013 88.4% 74.0%
Feb-2013 88.5% 73.9%
Mar-2013 88.3% 73.9%
Apr-2013 88.6% 73.7%
May-2013 88.6% 74.0%
Jun-2013 88.6% 74.0%
Jul-2013 88.5% 74.1%
Aug-2013 88.3% 74.0%
Sep-2013 88.4% 73.9%
Oct-2013 88.0% 73.5%
Nov-2013 88.6% 73.8%
Dec-2013 88.1% 73.8%
Jan-2014 88.2% 73.9%
Feb-2014 88.1% 74.3%
Mar-2014 88.3% 74.2%
Apr-2014 87.9% 74.0%
May-2014 88.0% 73.8%
Jun-2014 88.3% 74.0%
Jul-2014 88.3% 73.7%
Aug-2014 88.5% 74.0%
Sep-2014 88.1% 73.7%
Oct-2014 88.1% 73.9%
Nov-2014 88.1% 73.9%
Dec-2014 88.2% 73.8%
Jan-2015 88.5% 73.8%
Feb-2015 88.4% 73.6%
Mar-2015 88.5% 73.4%
Apr-2015 88.4% 73.8%
May-2015 88.3% 74.1%
Jun-2015 88.3% 73.8%
Jul-2015 88.1% 73.5%
Aug-2015 88.2% 73.5%
Sep-2015 88.2% 73.3%
Oct-2015 88.2% 73.6%
Nov-2015 88.1% 73.9%
Dec-2015 88.2% 73.9%
Jan-2016 88.4% 74.0%
Feb-2016 88.4% 74.0%
Mar-2016 88.7% 74.2%
Apr-2016 88.6% 74.2%
May-2016 88.4% 74.2%
Jun-2016 88.7% 74.2%
Jul-2016 88.5% 74.2%
Aug-2016 88.5% 74.4%
Sep-2016 88.6% 74.7%
Oct-2016 88.6% 74.7%
Nov-2016 88.5% 74.4%
Dec-2016 88.5% 74.4%
Jan-2017 88.8% 74.4%
Feb-2017 88.6% 74.8%
Mar-2017 88.5% 74.9%
Apr-2017 88.6% 75.1%
May-2017 88.5% 75.1%
Jun-2017 88.6% 75.0%
Jul-2017 88.6% 75.2%
Aug-2017 88.4% 75.0%
Sep-2017 88.7% 75.3%
Oct-2017 88.6% 74.8%
Nov-2017 88.5% 75.2%
Dec-2017 89.0% 74.9%
Jan-2018 89.0% 74.7%
Feb-2018 89.2% 75.2%
Mar-2018 89.2% 75.0%
Apr-2018 89.3% 74.9%
May-2018 89.1% 75.0%
Jun-2018 89.0% 75.4%
Jul-2018 88.9% 75.6%
Aug-2018 88.7% 75.3%
Sep-2018 88.7% 75.3%
Oct-2018 89.0% 75.7%
Nov-2018 88.9% 75.7%
Dec-2018 88.9% 75.8%
Jan-2019 89.4% 75.8%
Feb-2019 89.3% 75.8%
Mar-2019 89.5% 75.6%
Apr-2019 89.1% 75.5%
May-2019 88.9% 75.6%
Jun-2019 88.8% 75.8%
Jul-2019 88.9% 75.4%
Aug-2019 89.0% 76.2%
Sep-2019 89.1% 76.4%
Oct-2019 89.1% 76.7%
Nov-2019 89.3% 76.6%
Dec-2019 89.2% 76.9%
Jan-2020 89.4% 76.9%
Feb-2020 89.1% 76.9%
Mar-2020 88.9% 76.2%
Apr-2020 86.3% 73.5%
May-2020 87.2% 74.2%
Jun-2020 87.8% 75.2%
Jul-2020 87.5% 75.1%
Aug-2020 88.0% 74.8%
Sep-2020 87.6% 74.4%
Oct-2020 88.0% 74.8%
Nov-2020 87.5% 74.7%
Dec-2020 87.5% 74.9%
Jan-2021 87.7% 74.7%
Feb-2021 87.5% 75.0%
Mar-2021 87.4% 75.3%
Apr-2021 87.7% 75.1%
May-2021 87.9% 74.9%
Jun-2021 88.1% 75.4%
Jul-2021 88.3% 75.6%
Aug-2021 88.3% 75.3%
Sep-2021 88.1% 75.2%
Oct-2021 88.3% 75.5%
Nov-2021 88.3% 75.8%
Dec-2021 88.2% 76.0%
Jan-2022 88.2% 76.0%
Feb-2022 88.6% 75.8%
Mar-2022 88.4% 76.5%
Apr-2022 88.6% 76.2%
May-2022 88.7% 76.5%
Jun-2022 88.4% 76.3%
Jul-2022 88.4% 76.4%
Aug-2022 88.6% 77.1%
Sep-2022 88.7% 76.6%
Oct-2022 88.7% 76.6%
Nov-2022 88.5% 76.4%
Dec-2022 88.8% 76.5%
Jan-2023 88.6% 76.9%
Feb-2023 88.9% 77.2%
Mar-2023 89.0% 77.2%
Apr-2023 89.1% 77.5%
May-2023 89.1% 77.6%
Jun-2023 89.1% 77.8%
Jul-2023 89.3% 77.5%
Aug-2023 89.3% 77.6%
Sep-2023 89.6% 77.4%
Oct-2023 89.1% 77.7%
Nov-2023 89.3% 77.4%
Dec-2023 89.3% 77.2%
Jan-2024 89.2% 77.5%
Feb-2024 89.3% 77.7%
Mar-2024 89.1% 77.7%
Apr-2024 89.1% 78.0%
May-2024 89.2% 78.1%
Jun-2024 89.6% 77.9%
Jul-2024 89.9% 78.1%
Aug-2024 89.5% 78.4%
Sep-2024 89.5% 78.1%
Oct-2024 89.3% 77.8%
Nov-2024 89.3% 77.7%
Dec-2024 89.0% 77.9%
Jan-2025 89.4% 77.7%
Feb-2025 89.1% 77.9%
Mar-2025 89.1% 77.6%
Apr-2025 89.5% 77.7%
May-2025 89.2% 77.7%
ChartData Download data

The data below can be saved or copied directly into Excel.

Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Population Survey public data.

Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website.

Past employment reports

  • News from EPI › Jobs report shows more than 25 million workers are directly harmed by the COVID labor market: Congress must pass the full $1.9 trillion relief package immediately

    March 5, 2021 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators

  • News from EPI › The U.S. labor market remains 9.9 million jobs below pre-pandemic levels

    February 5, 2021 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators

  • News from EPI › December jobs report provides a clear picture of Trump’s failed handling of the economy

    January 8, 2021 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators

  • News from EPI › Recovery continues to wane: Expiring unemployment relief means more trouble around the corner

    December 4, 2020 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators

  • News from EPI › October jobs report: Next president inherits a devastated economy with millions out of work

    November 6, 2020 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators

  • News from EPI › Slowdown in jobs added means we could be years away from a full recovery

    October 2, 2020 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators

  • News from EPI › Six months into the recession and a 11.5 million jobs deficit remains

    September 4, 2020 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators

  • News from EPI › The bounceback deflates: Job gains slow considerably in July

    August 7, 2020 By Elise Gould Economic Indicators