Population estimates
Data on the foreign-born population (including totals, shares, naturalized immigrants, the number of U.S.-born residents living with one or more foreign-born parents, and the immigrant share of the labor force) are derived from EPI analysis of American Community Survey, 2023 microdata, accessed via IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org.
Economic contributions of immigrants
Data on the economic contributions of immigrants are calculated as the sum of all individual wage, salary, and business income. These estimates are derived from EPI analysis of American Community Survey, 2019–2023 pooled microdata, accessed via IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org.
Top industries and occupations
Top industry and occupation estimates are derived from analysis of American Community Survey, 2019–2023 pooled microdata, accessed via IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org.
Note: Industry data are aggregated into census major industry groups, viewable at Microdata.epi.org, variable Mind03. Industry data estimates are omitted if the coefficient of variation exceeds 0.15 or if the sample size is less than 100. As a result, not all states may have five top industries listed. Some states had fewer than three top industries that resulted from the analysis. The top industry section was omitted for those states. Armed forces industries are excluded from the analysis.
Note: Occupation data estimates are omitted if the coefficient of variation exceeds 0.15 or if the sample size is less than 100. As a result, not all states may have five top occupations listed. Some states had fewer than three top occupations that resulted from the analysis. The occupation section was omitted for those states. Armed forces occupations are excluded from the analysis.
Immigrant entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs refer to foreign-born, self-employed individuals with an incorporated business. These estimates are derived from EPI analysis of American Community Survey, 2019–2023 pooled microdata, accessed via IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org.
Household income
Aggregate household incomes represent the total money income of all members in households headed by a foreign-born individual. These estimates are derived from EPI analysis of American Community Survey, 2019–2023 pooled microdata, accessed via IPUMS USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org. All income figures are inflation-adjusted to 2023 dollars.
Tax payments by undocumented workers
Tax payments by undocumented workers are from Carl Davis, Marco Guzman, and Emma Sifre, Tax Payments by Undocumented Immigrants. Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, July 2024.