Appendix Table 1
Share of union elections with a ULP charge against the employer, by Census division and type of charge
| Division | Any Charge | 8(a)(1): Threatened, coerced, retaliated | 8(a)(3): Disciplined, fired, changed work terms | 8(a)(5): Refused to bargain, repudiated contract |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| East North Central | 39.6% | 27.3% | 25.6% | 22.1% |
| East South Central | 38.4% | 28.6% | 27.7% | 22.3% |
| Middle Atlantic | 33.2% | 21.6% | 20.8% | 20.6% |
| Mountain | 45.1% | 41.0% | 31.2% | 30.1% |
| New England | 37.4% | 25.2% | 22.4% | 24.1% |
| Pacific | 40.7% | 29.1% | 23.0% | 27.0% |
| South Atlantic | 40.9% | 28.5% | 27.9% | 25.0% |
| West North Central | 31.3% | 19.2% | 18.9% | 20.3% |
| West South Central | 40.7% | 27.1% | 30.5% | 21.5% |
Notes: ULP charges are charges that an employer violated Section 8(a) of the labor code by interfering with workers’ rights to form a union and bargain collectively. Specific charge types 8(a)(1), 8(a)(3), and 8(a)(5) refer to sections of the labor code governing these rights. “Any charge” refers to any violation of Section 8(a) of the labor code (parts 1–5).
Source: Authors’ analysis of National Labor Relations Board election data for 2020–2022 and ULP filings from 2019–2022.