Hourly wage penalty* for in-home workers, 2012
| Direct-care aides | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In-home | Maids and housekeeping cleaners | Nannies | Not agency-based | Agency-based | |
| All | -24.7%**** | -18.1%**** | -25.8%**** | -26.1%**** | -26.6%**** |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | -25.4%**** | -18.0%**** | -18.0%**** | -26.4%**** | -27.6%**** |
| Male | -30.5%**** | -46.1%**** | -31.8%**** | -28.6%**** | -29.7%**** |
| Nativity | |||||
| U.S. born | -26.2%**** | -27.4%**** | -20.5%**** | -27.0%**** | -26.9%**** |
| Naturalized U.S. citizen | -25.6%**** | -16.3%**** | -29.7%**** | -22.5%**** | -29.0%**** |
| Non-naturalized immigrant | -16.5%**** | -8.1%**** | -41.1%**** | -23.1%*** | -17.2%**** |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | -30.8%**** | -28.8%**** | -23.0%**** | -30.4%**** | -33.7%**** |
| Black, non-Hispanic | -21.4%**** | -13.9%*** | -25.0%**** | -22.1%**** | -21.6%**** |
| Hispanic, any race | -17.9%**** | -10.1%**** | -28.1%**** | -16.9%*** | -22.6%**** |
| Asian | -30.7%**** | -16.5% | -45.0%**** | -34.8%**** | -29.9%**** |
| Other | -20.5%**** | -13.1% | 3.0% | -45.5%**** | -21.6%**** |
| Education | |||||
| Not high school graduate | -8.4%**** | -5.8%*** | -17.2%**** | -26.0%**** | -6.9%**** |
| High school graduate | -20.8%**** | -17.1%**** | -18.9%**** | -21.9%**** | -22.2%**** |
| Some college | -28.5%**** | -31.5%**** | -20.6%**** | -17.3%**** | -30.8%**** |
| Bachelor’s degree | -52.5%**** | -42.4%**** | -45.4%**** | -44.7%**** | -59.7%**** |
| Advanced degree | -72.1%**** | -80.8%**** | -63.3%**** | -70.1%**** | -72.8%**** |
| Age | |||||
| 18–22 | -6.6%**** | -6.8% | -12.5%**** | -16.0% | -1.2% |
| 23–49 | -25.2%**** | -19.0%**** | -33%**** | -21.1%**** | -26.5%**** |
| 50+ | -27.0%**** | -15.1%**** | -32.4%**** | -30.3%**** | -30.2%**** |
* Percent difference between the hourly wages earned by an in-home worker and those earned by a demographically similar worker in another occupation
Note: **** indicates significance at the .01 level; *** indicates significance at the .05 level; ** indicates significance at the 0.1 level. OLS regressions control for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, and region of the country. Complete regression results available by request from the author. To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2010–2012 microdata.
Source: Author's analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata
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