4th-grade NAEP reading scores in three cities compared with large urban and national averages, by race and income, 2005 and 2011
| 2005 | 2011 | 2005 | 2011 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | White | Black | Non-low-income | Low-income* | Non-low-income | Low-income* | |
| Washington, D.C.** | 252 (252) | 187 (186) | 255 (255) | 191 (191) | 215 (216) | 183 (183) | 234 (234) | 188 (188) |
| New York | 226 | 206 | 235 | 209 | 230 | 210 | 242 | 214 |
| Chicago | 225 | 190 | 229 | 197 | 222 | 194 | 230 | 200 |
| Large urban average | 228 | 196 | 232 | 202 | 226 | 198 | 232 | 204 |
| National average | 228 | 199 | 230 | 205 | 230 | 203 | 234 | 207 |
* Students categorized as low-income are those eligible for free or reduced-price lunch under the National School Lunch Program.
** The scores in parentheses are from DC budget consultant Mary Levy's NAEP data, which, unlike TUDA NAEP data, always include charter schools.
Note: Large, urban districts are those participating in the NAEP Trial Urban District Assessment (TUDA), which uses NAEP scores from a representative sample of students in large, urban districts with high proportions of low-income and minority students. TUDA began in 2002 with six districts and had 21 as of 2011.
Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2005b, 2011b) and Levy (2012c)
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