Table 4

Hourly wage penalty* for in-home workers, 2012

Direct-care aides
In-home Maids and housekeeping cleaners Nannies Not agency-based Agency-based
All -24.7%**** -18.1%**** -25.8%**** -26.1%**** -26.6%****
Gender
Female -25.4%**** -18.0%**** -18.0%**** -26.4%**** -27.6%****
Male -30.5%**** -46.1%**** -31.8%**** -28.6%**** -29.7%****
Nativity
U.S. born -26.2%**** -27.4%**** -20.5%**** -27.0%**** -26.9%****
Naturalized U.S. citizen -25.6%**** -16.3%**** -29.7%**** -22.5%**** -29.0%****
Non-naturalized immigrant -16.5%**** -8.1%**** -41.1%**** -23.1%*** -17.2%****
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic -30.8%**** -28.8%**** -23.0%**** -30.4%**** -33.7%****
Black, non-Hispanic -21.4%**** -13.9%*** -25.0%**** -22.1%**** -21.6%****
Hispanic, any race -17.9%**** -10.1%**** -28.1%**** -16.9%*** -22.6%****
Asian -30.7%**** -16.5% -45.0%**** -34.8%**** -29.9%****
Other -20.5%**** -13.1% 3.0% -45.5%**** -21.6%****
Education
Not high school graduate -8.4%**** -5.8%*** -17.2%**** -26.0%**** -6.9%****
High school graduate -20.8%**** -17.1%**** -18.9%**** -21.9%**** -22.2%****
Some college -28.5%**** -31.5%**** -20.6%**** -17.3%**** -30.8%****
Bachelor’s degree -52.5%**** -42.4%**** -45.4%**** -44.7%**** -59.7%****
Advanced degree -72.1%**** -80.8%**** -63.3%**** -70.1%**** -72.8%****
Age
18–22 -6.6%**** -6.8% -12.5%**** -16.0% -1.2%
23–49 -25.2%**** -19.0%**** -33%**** -21.1%**** -26.5%****
50+ -27.0%**** -15.1%**** -32.4%**** -30.3%**** -30.2%****

* Percent difference between the hourly wages earned by an in-home worker and those earned by a demographically similar worker in another occupation

Note: **** indicates significance at the .01 level; *** indicates significance at the .05 level; ** indicates significance at the 0.1 level. OLS regressions control for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, and region of the country. Complete regression results available by request from the author. To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2010–2012 microdata.

Source: Author's analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata

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