Figure A
Work permits reduce violations for standards that are explicitly listed on forms: DOL child labor enforcement actions by violation type, 2020–2025
| Violation Type | States Without Work Permit Mandate | States With Work Permit Mandate |
|---|---|---|
| Age Violations | 11.1% | 6.3% |
| Record-Keeping Violations | 24.1% | 12.5% |
| Hazardous Occupation Violations | 61.1% | 62.5% |
| Hours Violations | 81.5% | 71.9% |
Source: Adapted Table 7 from Bao, Fred (Jiacong), and Ashish Kabra. 2024. State Mandated Employment Certificate for Minors Reduces Child Labor Violations in the US. June 2024. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4857432
This chart appears in:
- Michigan RTW 2023
- Why ‘right-to-work’ was always wrong for Michigan: Restoring workers’ rights is key to reversing growing income inequality in Michigan
- Data show anti-union ‘right-to-work’ laws damage state economies: As Michigan’s repeal takes effect, New Hampshire should continue to reject ‘right-to-work’ legislation
- It’s time for Colorado to remove barriers to unionization: Outdated “second election” rule is rooted in anti-worker, white supremacist history
- Virginia RTW charts
- New research reveals how work permits reduce child labor violations