Figure 4
USMCA downgrades productivity growth: Output per hour worked for Canada, Mexico, and China as a share of U.S. total, selected years (constant 2021 $PPP)
| Year | 2010 | 2019 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mexico | 33.8% | 32.0% | 27.8% |
| China | 11.0% | 20.7% | 23.5% |
Source: EPI analysis of International Labor Organization (2025), OECD (2025), BLS (2025a, 2025b), and Federal Reserve (2025a, 2025b) data.
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