Appendix Table A10

Summary statistics on minimum wage violations in North Carolina

Category Minimum-wage-eligible workers Eligible workers experiencing minimum wage violations
Total number Share of total Number Share of total group Group’s share of category Average hourly underpayment Average weekly underpayment Average annual underpayment if full-year Total earned annual wages not paid to workers Average weekly wages received Average annual wages received if full-year Total annual wages received by workers experiencing minimum wage violations Share of earned wages not paid
All workers 3,111,000 100.0% 83,780 2.7% 100.0% $2.14 $72 $3,800 $316,000,000 $179 $9,300 $779,000,000 28.8%
Low-wage earners 681,000 21.9% 83,780 12.3% 100.0% $2.14 $72 $3,800 $316,000,000 $179 $9,300 $779,000,000 28.8%
Gender
Men 1,624,000 52.2% 36,610 2.3% 43.7% $1.76 $68 $3,500 $130,000,000 $208 $10,800 $395,000,000 24.7%
Women 1,487,000 47.8% 47,170 3.2% 56.3% $2.44 $76 $3,900 $186,000,000 $156 $8,100 $383,000,000 32.7%
Age
Under 20 116,000 3.7% 8,710 7.5% 10.4% $1.59 $36 $1,800 $16,000,000 $119 $6,200 $54,000,000 23.0%
20 and over 2,994,000 96.3% 75,070 2.5% 89.6% $2.20 $77 $4,000 $300,000,000 $186 $9,700 $725,000,000 29.2%
16–24 467,000 15.0% 26,890 5.8% 32.1% $2.36 $75 $3,900 $105,000,000 $139 $7,200 $195,000,000 35.0%
25–54 2,048,000 65.8% 42,980 2.1% 51.3% $2.12 $75 $3,900 $168,000,000 $203 $10,500 $453,000,000 27.1%
55–85 595,000 19.1% 13,910 2.3% 16.6% $1.76 $59 $3,100 $43,000,000 $181 $9,400 $131,000,000 24.5%
Race/ethnicity
White 1,929,000 62.0% 48,020 2.5% 57.3% $2.13 $65 $3,400 $162,000,000 $168 $8,700 $420,000,000 27.9%
Black 655,000 21.1% 16,620 2.5% 19.8% $2.24 $83 $4,300 $72,000,000 $162 $8,400 $140,000,000 33.9%
Hispanic 353,000 11.4% 14,010 4.0% 16.7% $1.79 $72 $3,800 $53,000,000 $236 $12,300 $172,000,000 23.5%
Other 173,000 5.6% 5,120 3.0% 6.1% $2.86 $109 $5,700 $29,000,000 $176 $9,100 $47,000,000 38.2%
Marital & family status
Married parent 783,000 25.2% 14,750 1.9% 17.6% $2.09 $76 $3,900 $58,000,000 $205 $10,700 $158,000,000 27.0%
Single parent 280,000 9.0% 8,830 3.2% 10.5% $2.35 $80 $4,100 $37,000,000 $179 $9,300 $82,000,000 30.9%
Married, no kids 875,000 28.1% 15,950 1.8% 19.0% $1.68 $57 $3,000 $47,000,000 $198 $10,300 $164,000,000 22.4%
Unmarried, no kids 1,173,000 37.7% 44,240 3.8% 52.8% $2.28 $75 $3,900 $174,000,000 $163 $8,500 $375,000,000 31.6%
Family income
Less than $10,000 153,000 4.9% 7,210 4.7% 8.6% $2.34 $90 $4,700 $34,000,000 $186 $9,700 $70,000,000 32.5%
$10,000–$24,999 508,000 16.3% 18,350 3.6% 21.9% $2.39 $80 $4,100 $76,000,000 $167 $8,700 $160,000,000 32.3%
$25,000–$39,999 578,000 18.6% 17,920 3.1% 21.4% $1.96 $68 $3,500 $64,000,000 $196 $10,200 $182,000,000 25.8%
$40,000–$59,999 609,000 19.6% 9,810 1.6% 11.7% $2.65 $75 $3,900 $38,000,000 $133 $6,900 $68,000,000 36.0%
$60,000–$99,999 796,000 25.6% 21,090 2.6% 25.2% $1.93 $68 $3,600 $75,000,000 $189 $9,800 $207,000,000 26.5%
$100,000–$149,999 323,000 10.4% 6,990 2.2% 8.3% $1.84 $59 $3,100 $21,000,000 $192 $10,000 $70,000,000 23.5%
$150,000 or more 144,000 4.6% 2,400 1.7% 2.9% $1.60 $63 $3,300 $8,000,000 $178 $9,300 $22,000,000 26.1%
Industry
Construction 215,000 6.9% 5,030 2.3% 6.0% $1.74 $64 $3,300 $17,000,000 $234 $12,100 $61,000,000 21.6%
Manufacturing 444,000 14.3% 4,100 0.9% 4.9% $1.90 $84 $4,400 $18,000,000 $243 $12,600 $52,000,000 25.8%
Retail 437,000 14.1% 11,630 2.7% 13.9% $1.28 $43 $2,200 $26,000,000 $188 $9,800 $114,000,000 18.4%
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing  –  –
Wholesale 79,000 2.5% 360 0.5% 0.4% $3.76 $150 $7,800 $3,000,000 $148 $7,700 $3,000,000 50.3%
Transportation and utilities 162,000 5.2% 4,290 2.6% 5.1% $1.93 $114 $5,900 $25,000,000 $313 $16,300 $70,000,000 26.6%
Information 50,000 1.6% 900 1.8% 1.1% $3.69 $136 $7,100 $6,000,000 $91 $4,700 $4,000,000 59.9%
Financial activities 146,000 4.7% 3,330 2.3% 4.0% $1.67 $70 $3,600 $12,000,000 $205 $10,600 $35,000,000 25.5%
Professional and business 265,000 8.5% 4,220 1.6% 5.0% $2.05 $58 $3,000 $13,000,000 $159 $8,300 $35,000,000 26.6%
Education and health 691,000 22.2% 9,430 1.4% 11.3% $1.42 $42 $2,200 $20,000,000 $199 $10,300 $97,000,000 17.4%
Food or drink service 238,000 7.6% 25,960 10.9% 31.0% $3.04 $96 $5,000 $129,000,000 $126 $6,600 $170,000,000 43.2%
Other leisure and hospitality 82,000 2.6% 4,280 5.2% 5.1% $1.81 $57 $3,000 $13,000,000 $182 $9,500 $40,000,000 23.9%
Other industries 286,000 9.2% 10,240 3.6% 12.2% $2.00 $63 $3,300 $33,000,000 $181 $9,400 $97,000,000 25.6%
Occupation
Management 232,000 7.5% 5,760 2.5% 6.9% $2.23 $100 $5,200 $30,000,000 $217 $11,300 $65,000,000 31.6%
Professional 683,000 22.0% 9,630 1.4% 11.5% $1.86 $55 $2,900 $28,000,000 $185 $9,600 $92,000,000 23.0%
Service 552,000 17.8% 39,130 7.1% 46.7% $2.62 $82 $4,200 $166,000,000 $148 $7,700 $300,000,000 35.6%
Sales 397,000 12.8% 9,780 2.5% 11.7% $1.44 $55 $2,800 $28,000,000 $180 $9,400 $92,000,000 23.3%
Office and administrative support 358,000 11.5% 6,310 1.8% 7.5% $1.44 $53 $2,800 $18,000,000 $188 $9,800 $62,000,000 22.1%
Farming, forestry, and fishing  –  –
Construction and extraction 185,000 6.0% 5,050 2.7% 6.0% $2.14 $85 $4,400 $22,000,000 $220 $11,400 $58,000,000 27.8%
Installation, maintenance, and repairs 149,000 4.8% 330 0.2% 0.4% $0.05 $2 $100 $0 $292 $15,200 $5,000,000 0.7%
Production 291,000 9.3% 1,200 0.4% 1.4% $3.83 $126 $6,500 $8,000,000 $180 $9,400 $11,000,000 41.1%
Transportation 256,000 8.2% 6,030 2.4% 7.2% $0.96 $49 $2,500 $15,000,000 $292 $15,200 $92,000,000 14.3%
Worker status
Part time (<20 hours) 176,000 5.7% 11,210 6.4% 13.4% $1.23 $17 $900 $10,000,000 $87 $4,500 $51,000,000 16.0%
Mid time (20–34 hours) 483,000 15.5% 28,170 5.8% 33.6% $2.72 $72 $3,700 $105,000,000 $122 $6,400 $179,000,000 36.9%
Full time (35+ hours) 2,452,000 78.8% 44,400 1.8% 53.0% $2.00 $87 $4,500 $201,000,000 $238 $12,400 $549,000,000 26.8%
Education
Less than high school 366,000 11.8% 18,520 5.1% 22.1% $1.69 $55 $2,800 $53,000,000 $174 $9,000 $168,000,000 23.9%
High school 942,000 30.3% 24,680 2.6% 29.5% $2.05 $71 $3,700 $91,000,000 $183 $9,500 $235,000,000 28.0%
Some college 980,000 31.5% 26,350 2.7% 31.5% $2.58 $85 $4,400 $117,000,000 $167 $8,700 $228,000,000 33.9%
Bachelor’s degree or higher 823,000 26.4% 14,230 1.7% 17.0% $2.08 $74 $3,800 $55,000,000 $200 $10,400 $148,000,000 27.0%
Nativity & citizenship
U.S.-born 2,703,000 86.9% 70,100 2.6% 83.7% $2.22 $73 $3,800 $265,000,000 $170 $8,900 $621,000,000 29.9%
Foreign born 407,000 13.1% 13,670 3.4% 16.3% $1.73 $71 $3,700 $50,000,000 $221 $11,500 $157,000,000 24.2%
U.S.-born citizen 2,727,000 87.7% 71,380 2.6% 85.2% $2.21 $73 $3,800 $271,000,000 $172 $8,900 $637,000,000 29.9%
Naturalized U.S. citizen 99,000 3.2% 1,300 1.3% 1.6% $2.36 $73 $3,800 $5,000,000 $181 $9,400 $12,000,000 28.6%
Not a U.S. citizen 284,000 9.1% 11,100 3.9% 13.2% $1.66 $69 $3,600 $40,000,000 $225 $11,700 $130,000,000 23.4%

Note: Full-year annual wages are calculated by multiplying weekly wages by 52 weeks per year. Data are not shown where sample sizes are too small to provide reliable estimates. Numbers may not add due to rounding. Shares are computed based on unrounded numbers. “Low-wage earners” includes all minimum-wage-eligible workers in the bottom quintile of wage earners in the state.

Sample includes workers age 16 to 85 in North Carolina.

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data, 2013–2015

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