Figure A

Probability of minimum wage violation relative to reference group, 2009–2019

Hispanic female noncitizen (vs. white female citizen) 280%
Black female noncitizen (vs. white female citizen) 212%
Noncitizen (vs. citizen) 204%
Hispanic (vs. white) 203%
Black (vs. white) 155%
Female (vs. male) 140%
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Source: Minimum wage violation rates calculated using CPS-ORG data compiled by the Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2020. CPS-ORG Uniform Extracts, Version 2.5.

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