Figure A
The gap between productivity and a typical worker’s compensation has increased dramatically since 1979: Productivity growth and hourly compensation growth, 1948–2025
| Year | Productivity | Pay |
|---|---|---|
| 1948q1 | 100 | 100 |
| 1948q2 | 101.2 | 100.8 |
| 1948q3 | 100.8 | 100.8 |
| 1948q4 | 102.7 | 103.1 |
| 1949q1 | 102.2 | 105.4 |
| 1949q2 | 101.3 | 106.6 |
| 1949q3 | 104.7 | 109 |
| 1949q4 | 104.7 | 110.3 |
| 1950q1 | 108.9 | 111.8 |
| 1950q2 | 110.1 | 112.4 |
| 1950q3 | 112.1 | 111.7 |
| 1950q4 | 112.9 | 112.1 |
| 1951q1 | 111.5 | 110.2 |
| 1951q2 | 111.6 | 111.2 |
| 1951q3 | 114.4 | 113.5 |
| 1951q4 | 114.3 | 113.7 |
| 1952q1 | 114.3 | 114.4 |
| 1952q2 | 114.9 | 115.8 |
| 1952q3 | 115.3 | 115.8 |
| 1952q4 | 117.5 | 117.3 |
| 1953q1 | 119.9 | 119.6 |
| 1953q2 | 120.5 | 120.6 |
| 1953q3 | 120.2 | 121.8 |
| 1953q4 | 119.7 | 122.6 |
| 1954q1 | 120.3 | 123.7 |
| 1954q2 | 121.8 | 124.5 |
| 1954q3 | 123.7 | 125.3 |
| 1954q4 | 126.8 | 127.8 |
| 1955q1 | 128.8 | 128.4 |
| 1955q2 | 131.2 | 130.2 |
| 1955q3 | 131.3 | 130.6 |
| 1955q4 | 131.8 | 132.3 |
| 1956q1 | 132.4 | 134.2 |
| 1956q2 | 132.3 | 134.5 |
| 1956q3 | 132.3 | 134.8 |
| 1956q4 | 134.3 | 135.8 |
| 1957q1 | 135.9 | 136.4 |
| 1957q2 | 136 | 137.5 |
| 1957q3 | 136.4 | 137.9 |
| 1957q4 | 136.5 | 138.5 |
| 1958q1 | 135 | 137.5 |
| 1958q2 | 136.3 | 138 |
| 1958q3 | 139.6 | 138.8 |
| 1958q4 | 141.9 | 140 |
| 1959q1 | 143.4 | 142 |
| 1959q2 | 144.2 | 143 |
| 1959q3 | 144.5 | 142.8 |
| 1959q4 | 144.5 | 143.3 |
| 1960q1 | 148 | 144.3 |
| 1960q2 | 145.9 | 145.6 |
| 1960q3 | 146.2 | 146.2 |
| 1960q4 | 144.9 | 146.5 |
| 1961q1 | 146.6 | 147.6 |
| 1961q2 | 151.1 | 148.4 |
| 1961q3 | 152.8 | 148.5 |
| 1961q4 | 153.8 | 149.1 |
| 1962q1 | 155.7 | 151 |
| 1962q2 | 155.6 | 151.6 |
| 1962q3 | 157.4 | 152.3 |
| 1962q4 | 158.9 | 153.3 |
| 1963q1 | 160.7 | 154.7 |
| 1963q2 | 161.8 | 155.8 |
| 1963q3 | 163.8 | 155.3 |
| 1963q4 | 165.4 | 157.2 |
| 1964q1 | 167.4 | 158 |
| 1964q2 | 167 | 158.6 |
| 1964q3 | 169.6 | 160.3 |
| 1964q4 | 168.7 | 160.4 |
| 1965q1 | 171.1 | 161.6 |
| 1965q2 | 171.4 | 162.4 |
| 1965q3 | 175 | 163.1 |
| 1965q4 | 178.5 | 164.8 |
| 1966q1 | 179.3 | 165.1 |
| 1966q2 | 178.2 | 165.4 |
| 1966q3 | 178.7 | 165.6 |
| 1966q4 | 179.4 | 165.7 |
| 1967q1 | 180.1 | 166.8 |
| 1967q2 | 181.7 | 168.5 |
| 1967q3 | 181.5 | 168.7 |
| 1967q4 | 182.3 | 169.2 |
| 1968q1 | 186.3 | 170.6 |
| 1968q2 | 187.6 | 171.1 |
| 1968q3 | 187.9 | 172.2 |
| 1968q4 | 188 | 172.9 |
| 1969q1 | 189.7 | 175.1 |
| 1969q2 | 188.8 | 175.1 |
| 1969q3 | 190.4 | 176.2 |
| 1969q4 | 189.6 | 177.2 |
| 1970q1 | 190.1 | 176.4 |
| 1970q2 | 191.9 | 176.8 |
| 1970q3 | 195.3 | 178.6 |
| 1970q4 | 193.9 | 178.9 |
| 1971q1 | 200 | 181.1 |
| 1971q2 | 200.8 | 182.1 |
| 1971q3 | 203.2 | 183.5 |
| 1971q4 | 202.6 | 184.9 |
| 1972q1 | 204.7 | 189.6 |
| 1972q2 | 209.2 | 191.6 |
| 1972q3 | 211 | 193.1 |
| 1972q4 | 213.7 | 193.9 |
| 1973q1 | 214.8 | 193.8 |
| 1973q2 | 213.8 | 192.1 |
| 1973q3 | 211.4 | 191.6 |
| 1973q4 | 211.8 | 189.9 |
| 1974q1 | 207.3 | 188.1 |
| 1974q2 | 207.8 | 187.6 |
| 1974q3 | 206 | 187.5 |
| 1974q4 | 207 | 186.6 |
| 1975q1 | 209.3 | 186.9 |
| 1975q2 | 212.2 | 187.5 |
| 1975q3 | 214.3 | 186.9 |
| 1975q4 | 214.7 | 186.6 |
| 1976q1 | 216.6 | 187.3 |
| 1976q2 | 218.1 | 188.7 |
| 1976q3 | 218.1 | 189.9 |
| 1976q4 | 218.6 | 190.7 |
| 1977q1 | 219.4 | 191.5 |
| 1977q2 | 218.6 | 191.8 |
| 1977q3 | 221.1 | 193.1 |
| 1977q4 | 220.3 | 193.5 |
| 1978q1 | 219.5 | 195 |
| 1978q2 | 222.7 | 195 |
| 1978q3 | 222.5 | 194.8 |
| 1978q4 | 224 | 195.4 |
| 1979q1 | 221.7 | 195.1 |
| 1979q2 | 220.7 | 193 |
| 1979q3 | 218.9 | 192.2 |
| 1979q4 | 216.8 | 190.7 |
| 1980q1 | 215.7 | 188.3 |
| 1980q2 | 212.9 | 188.2 |
| 1980q3 | 212.8 | 187.9 |
| 1980q4 | 214.7 | 187.7 |
| 1981q1 | 217.9 | 186.8 |
| 1981q2 | 216.8 | 187.3 |
| 1981q3 | 219.2 | 187.2 |
| 1981q4 | 216 | 186.5 |
| 1982q1 | 215.4 | 187.3 |
| 1982q2 | 215.1 | 187.8 |
| 1982q3 | 214.9 | 187.5 |
| 1982q4 | 215.9 | 187.1 |
| 1983q1 | 218.7 | 189.2 |
| 1983q2 | 221.7 | 188.9 |
| 1983q3 | 223 | 188.6 |
| 1983q4 | 225.2 | 188.5 |
| 1984q1 | 225.5 | 188 |
| 1984q2 | 226.9 | 187.7 |
| 1984q3 | 228.2 | 187.6 |
| 1984q4 | 228.7 | 187.4 |
| 1985q1 | 229.9 | 187.2 |
| 1985q2 | 229.9 | 187.3 |
| 1985q3 | 232.5 | 187.6 |
| 1985q4 | 232.3 | 187.2 |
| 1986q1 | 234.2 | 187.4 |
| 1986q2 | 237.1 | 189.4 |
| 1986q3 | 237.9 | 189.4 |
| 1986q4 | 236.7 | 189.3 |
| 1987q1 | 234.5 | 187.8 |
| 1987q2 | 235.2 | 187 |
| 1987q3 | 235.1 | 186.4 |
| 1987q4 | 237 | 186.4 |
| 1988q1 | 237.6 | 186.3 |
| 1988q2 | 238 | 186.4 |
| 1988q3 | 239 | 186.1 |
| 1988q4 | 239.6 | 186.7 |
| 1989q1 | 239.7 | 186.8 |
| 1989q2 | 239.8 | 186 |
| 1989q3 | 240.8 | 186.6 |
| 1989q4 | 240.4 | 187.1 |
| 1990q1 | 241.6 | 186.8 |
| 1990q2 | 243.5 | 186.6 |
| 1990q3 | 241.7 | 184.9 |
| 1990q4 | 237.7 | 183.8 |
| 1991q1 | 238.9 | 184.5 |
| 1991q2 | 242.7 | 185.7 |
| 1991q3 | 244.3 | 186.2 |
| 1991q4 | 245.1 | 186.4 |
| 1992q1 | 249 | 186.7 |
| 1992q2 | 250.9 | 187.4 |
| 1992q3 | 253.5 | 187.7 |
| 1992q4 | 254.6 | 187 |
| 1993q1 | 253.4 | 188.3 |
| 1993q2 | 252 | 187.5 |
| 1993q3 | 252.8 | 187.7 |
| 1993q4 | 254.5 | 187.8 |
| 1994q1 | 255.6 | 188.8 |
| 1994q2 | 255.1 | 188.2 |
| 1994q3 | 253.8 | 188 |
| 1994q4 | 256.3 | 188.2 |
| 1995q1 | 255 | 187.5 |
| 1995q2 | 255 | 187.2 |
| 1995q3 | 255 | 187.5 |
| 1995q4 | 256.8 | 187.8 |
| 1996q1 | 258.3 | 187.6 |
| 1996q2 | 259.1 | 187.5 |
| 1996q3 | 259 | 188.1 |
| 1996q4 | 258.9 | 187.9 |
| 1997q1 | 259.3 | 188.3 |
| 1997q2 | 262.2 | 189.4 |
| 1997q3 | 264.4 | 190.4 |
| 1997q4 | 264.9 | 191.6 |
| 1998q1 | 265.7 | 192.9 |
| 1998q2 | 266.3 | 194.3 |
| 1998q3 | 269.5 | 195 |
| 1998q4 | 270.9 | 195.8 |
| 1999q1 | 273.8 | 196.9 |
| 1999q2 | 272.4 | 197.2 |
| 1999q3 | 273.8 | 197.7 |
| 1999q4 | 276.3 | 198 |
| 2000q1 | 273.2 | 196.9 |
| 2000q2 | 277.9 | 198.1 |
| 2000q3 | 277.8 | 198.4 |
| 2000q4 | 280.7 | 200 |
| 2001q1 | 278.4 | 200.4 |
| 2001q2 | 281.7 | 201.6 |
| 2001q3 | 282.2 | 202.9 |
| 2001q4 | 285.8 | 205 |
| 2002q1 | 290.7 | 206.3 |
| 2002q2 | 290.5 | 206.3 |
| 2002q3 | 292 | 207.5 |
| 2002q4 | 292.4 | 209.1 |
| 2003q1 | 294.2 | 209.2 |
| 2003q2 | 299.9 | 210.6 |
| 2003q3 | 304 | 210.4 |
| 2003q4 | 307.3 | 210 |
| 2004q1 | 307.3 | 210 |
| 2004q2 | 309.9 | 209.8 |
| 2004q3 | 311.6 | 210 |
| 2004q4 | 312.8 | 209.3 |
| 2005q1 | 316.2 | 210.2 |
| 2005q2 | 316.7 | 210.5 |
| 2005q3 | 315.9 | 209.1 |
| 2005q4 | 316.7 | 209 |
| 2006q1 | 319.1 | 209.6 |
| 2006q2 | 318.4 | 210.1 |
| 2006q3 | 316.6 | 210 |
| 2006q4 | 319.8 | 212.6 |
| 2007q1 | 321.4 | 212.5 |
| 2007q2 | 321.3 | 212.9 |
| 2007q3 | 323.2 | 213.7 |
| 2007q4 | 322.7 | 212.7 |
| 2008q1 | 319.2 | 212.6 |
| 2008q2 | 319.3 | 212.2 |
| 2008q3 | 316.9 | 211 |
| 2008q4 | 321.9 | 217.6 |
| 2009q1 | 327.4 | 222.4 |
| 2009q2 | 331.1 | 222.5 |
| 2009q3 | 333.7 | 222.1 |
| 2009q4 | 337.1 | 222.1 |
| 2010q1 | 338.7 | 224 |
| 2010q2 | 340.6 | 224.9 |
| 2010q3 | 344.6 | 225.2 |
| 2010q4 | 344.7 | 224.8 |
| 2011q1 | 341 | 223.7 |
| 2011q2 | 339.1 | 222.1 |
| 2011q3 | 338.2 | 221.3 |
| 2011q4 | 338.6 | 221.4 |
| 2012q1 | 340.1 | 219.9 |
| 2012q2 | 341.9 | 220.4 |
| 2012q3 | 339.9 | 220.6 |
| 2012q4 | 339.6 | 219.8 |
| 2013q1 | 342.4 | 221.4 |
| 2013q2 | 343.5 | 223.1 |
| 2013q3 | 344.8 | 223.5 |
| 2013q4 | 347 | 224 |
| 2014q1 | 344.2 | 223.7 |
| 2014q2 | 345.9 | 223.5 |
| 2014q3 | 349 | 223.9 |
| 2014q4 | 348.5 | 225.2 |
| 2015q1 | 352.1 | 228.1 |
| 2015q2 | 353.7 | 227.8 |
| 2015q3 | 354.7 | 228.2 |
| 2015q4 | 353.6 | 229.9 |
| 2016q1 | 354.6 | 231.5 |
| 2016q2 | 354.4 | 231.1 |
| 2016q3 | 355.4 | 231.5 |
| 2016q4 | 357.9 | 231.4 |
| 2017q1 | 357.8 | 231.2 |
| 2017q2 | 357.9 | 232.4 |
| 2017q3 | 361.4 | 233.2 |
| 2017q4 | 362.7 | 232.8 |
| 2018q1 | 364 | 233.2 |
| 2018q2 | 364.5 | 234.1 |
| 2018q3 | 365.5 | 235.2 |
| 2018q4 | 365.2 | 236.7 |
| 2019q1 | 367.3 | 237.7 |
| 2019q2 | 368.8 | 238.3 |
| 2019q3 | 372.1 | 239.6 |
| 2019q4 | 374.1 | 240 |
| 2020q1 | 373.2 | 241 |
| 2020q2 | 386.3 | 253.7 |
| 2020q3 | 392.8 | 248.3 |
| 2020q4 | 389.9 | 248 |
| 2021q1 | 394.5 | 248.4 |
| 2021q2 | 396.3 | 247.7 |
| 2021q3 | 394.9 | 247.5 |
| 2021q4 | 395.8 | 246.1 |
| 2022q1 | 391.6 | 244.3 |
| 2022q2 | 389.4 | 242 |
| 2022q3 | 388.8 | 241.9 |
| 2022q4 | 390.4 | 242.5 |
| 2023q1 | 391.8 | 243.5 |
| 2023q2 | 393.2 | 245.1 |
| 2023q3 | 398.2 | 246 |
| 2023q4 | 400.3 | 247.2 |
| 2024q1 | 400.9 | 247.9 |
| 2024q2 | 403.9 | 248.8 |
| 2024q3 | 406.4 | 250.8 |
| 2024q4 | 407.4 | 251.2 |
| 2025q1 | 406.8 | 251.9 |
| 2025q2 | 410.9 | 253.5 |
| 2025q3 | 414.8 | 253.7 |
| 2025q4 | 417.2 | 254.8 |

Notes: Data are for compensation (wages and benefits) of production/nonsupervisory workers in the private sector and net productivity of the total economy. “Net productivity” is the growth of output of goods and services less depreciation per hour worked.
Source: EPI analysis of unpublished Total Economy Productivity data from Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Labor Productivity and Costs program, wage data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics, BLS Employment Cost Trends, BLS Consumer Price Index, and Bureau of Economic Analysis National Income and Product Accounts.
This chart appears in:
- Productivity-Pay
- Pay productivity labor day product
- The Productivity–Pay Gap
- Summer strikes 2023
- About
- The workers’ think tank: A history of the Economic Policy Institute
- [ test – datawrapper ]: The Productivity–Pay Gap
- The widening productivity-pay gap
- The case for tripling union membership: How rebuilding union power would strengthen workers, the economy, and our democracy
Next chart: An automatic cost-of-living adjustment would substantially raise wages: Annual wage increases of a 3% COLA »