Table 2
Labor market tests
Employer duties | Employer-worker | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
Certification | Govt supervises recruitment efforts | Employer-migrant contract with wages, housing, benefits | Recruitment fails: employer wants migrants, locals want jobs now. Trade unions may or may not be involved. |
Attestation | Employer makes promises & receives permission to hire migrants | Employer-migrant contract with wages, benefits | Very few checks on employers; migrant workers who want to keep jobs do not complain |
No labor market tests 1 | No local worker search for intra-corporate transfers; free-trade professionals | Employer-migrant contract, but not always a minimum wage requirement | ICTs, FTAs, & investors are believed to have unique skills that limit competition with local workers |
No labor market tests 2 | No local worker search for exchange visitors and foreign students | Wide range: from contracts to at-will employment | Work is considered ancillary to the main purpose of being in the country |
No labor market tests 3 | Free-movement zones such as E.U. | Wide range: can be subject to local or home country laws | Workers can move without job offer; workers can be posted by home country employer abroad |
Source: see text
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