Table 2

Labor market tests

Employer duties Employer-worker Notes
Certification Govt supervises recruitment efforts Employer-migrant contract with wages, housing, benefits Recruitment fails: employer wants migrants, locals want jobs now. Trade unions may or may not be involved.
Attestation Employer makes promises & receives permission to hire migrants Employer-migrant contract with wages, benefits Very few checks on employers; migrant workers who want to keep jobs do not complain
No labor market tests 1 No local worker search for intra-corporate transfers; free-trade professionals Employer-migrant contract, but not always a minimum wage requirement ICTs, FTAs, & investors are believed to have unique skills that limit competition with local workers
No labor market tests 2 No local worker search for exchange visitors and foreign students Wide range: from contracts to at-will employment Work is considered ancillary to the main purpose of being in the country
No labor market tests 3 Free-movement zones such as E.U. Wide range: can be subject to local or home country laws Workers can move without job offer; workers can be posted by home country employer abroad

Source: see text

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