Table 2
Estimated total cost of premiums and total reduction in consumer spending from loss of federal Advance Premium Tax Credits (APTC) by Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
| MSA | Higher premiums ($) | Reduced local spending ($) |
|---|---|---|
| Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | $126,976,874 | $190,465,310 |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN | $23,662,709 | $35,494,064 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | $60,032,222 | $90,048,334 |
| Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI | $22,222,000 | $33,333,000 |
| Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX | $74,994,585 | $112,491,877 |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | $28,998,021 | $43,497,031 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL | $101,598,542 | $152,397,814 |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ | $101,675,804 | $152,513,706 |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | $105,575,873 | $158,363,809 |
| Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV | $94,858,374 | $142,287,561 |
Sources: Authors' analyses of 2023 American Community Survey 1-Year microdata via IPUMS; 2024 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Marketplace Open Enrollment Period Public Use Files; and Ku et al. 2025.
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