Appendix Table 10

Demographic characteristics of white workers affected by increasing the federal minimum wage by $15 by 2024

Group Total estimated workforce (thousands) Directly affected (thousands) Share directly affected Indirectly affected (thousands) Share indirectly affected Total affected (thousands) Share of group who are affected Group’s share of total affected
All white workers 89,375 14,187 15.9% 6,514 7.3% 20,701 23.2% 100.0%
Gender
Women 43,437 8,686 20.0% 3,925 9.0% 12,611 29.0% 60.9%
Men 45,938 5,501 12.0% 2,589 5.6% 8,090 17.6% 39.1%
Age
Age 19 or younger 3,009 2,094 69.6% 207 6.9% 2,301 76.5% 11.1%
Age 20 or older 86,366 12,092 14.0% 6,308 7.3% 18,400 21.3% 88.9%
Ages 16–24 11,152 6,200 55.6% 1,270 11.4% 7,470 67.0% 36.1%
Ages 25–39 27,349 3,802 13.9% 2,317 8.5% 6,118 22.4% 29.6%
Ages 40–54 28,732 1,967 6.8% 1,533 5.3% 3,499 12.2% 16.9%
Age 55 or older 22,142 2,218 10.0% 1,395 6.3% 3,613 16.3% 17.5%
Family status
Married parent 22,397 1,524 6.8% 1,074 4.8% 2,599 11.6% 12.6%
Single parent 6,010 1,413 23.5% 659 11.0% 2,072 34.5% 10.0%
Married, no children 26,770 2,239 8.4% 1,544 5.8% 3,783 14.1% 18.3%
Unmarried, no children 34,199 9,011 26.3% 3,237 9.5% 12,247 35.8% 59.2%
Educational attainment
Less than high school 4,766 2,220 46.6% 493 10.4% 2,713 56.9% 13.1%
High school 21,484 5,419 25.2% 2,455 11.4% 7,873 36.6% 38.0%
Some college, no degree 20,677 4,729 22.9% 2,028 9.8% 6,757 32.7% 32.6%
Associate degree 8,871 1,046 11.8% 698 7.9% 1,744 19.7% 8.4%
Bachelor’s degree or higher 33,576 773 2.3% 840 2.5% 1,613 4.8% 7.8%
Family income
Less than $25,000 9,503 4,863 51.2% 1,413 14.9% 6,277 66.0% 30.3%
$25,000–$49,999 15,781 3,088 19.6% 2,005 12.7% 5,093 32.3% 24.6%
$50,000–$74,999 16,393 2,221 13.5% 1,226 7.5% 3,447 21.0% 16.6%
$75,000–$99,999 13,837 1,473 10.6% 762 5.5% 2,235 16.2% 10.8%
$100,000–$149,999 17,954 1,559 8.7% 700 3.9% 2,259 12.6% 10.9%
$150,000 or more 15,907 983 6.2% 407 2.6% 1,390 8.7% 6.7%
Family income-to-poverty ratio
At or below the poverty line 4,308 2,630 61.1% 502 11.6% 3,131 72.7% 15.1%
101–200% of poverty line 9,193 3,561 38.7% 1,571 17.1% 5,133 55.8% 24.8%
201–400% of poverty line 26,289 4,310 16.4% 2,654 10.1% 6,964 26.5% 33.6%
401% or above 48,992 3,305 6.7% 1,747 3.6% 5,053 10.3% 24.4%
Poverty status not available 595 380 64.0% 40 6.8% 421 70.7% 2.0%
Work hours
Part time (<20 hours) 5,574 2,280 40.9% 559 10.0% 2,838 50.9% 13.7%
Mid time (20– 34 hours) 12,937 5,365 41.5% 1,541 11.9% 6,906 53.4% 33.4%
Full time (35+ hours) 70,864 6,542 9.2% 4,415 6.2% 10,957 15.5% 52.9%
Industry
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting 1,255 220 17.5% 84 6.7% 304 24.2% 1.5%
Construction 4,642 358 7.7% 254 5.5% 612 13.2% 3.0%
Manufacturing 10,203 865 8.5% 572 5.6% 1,437 14.1% 6.9%
Wholesale trade 2,574 251 9.8% 158 6.1% 409 15.9% 2.0%
Retail trade 10,613 3,532 33.3% 1,129 10.6% 4,661 43.9% 22.5%
Transportation, warehousing, utilities 4,389 327 7.4% 235 5.3% 562 12.8% 2.7%
Information 2,061 144 7.0% 77 3.7% 221 10.7% 1.1%
Finance, insurance, real estate 6,193 331 5.4% 254 4.1% 585 9.5% 2.8%
Professional, scientific, management, technical services 6,263 234 3.7% 157 2.5% 391 6.2% 1.9%
Administrative, support, and waste management 2,756 577 20.9% 263 9.5% 840 30.5% 4.1%
Education 9,944 974 9.8% 481 4.8% 1,455 14.6% 7.0%
Health care 12,460 1,978 15.9% 921 7.4% 2,899 23.3% 14.0%
Arts, entertainment, recreational services 1,920 591 30.8% 224 11.6% 814 42.4% 3.9%
Accommodation 743 269 36.2% 105 14.2% 374 50.3% 1.8%
Restaurants and food service 5,060 2,561 50.6% 992 19.6% 3,553 70.2% 17.2%
Other services 3,591 805 22.4% 465 12.9% 1,270 35.4% 6.1%
Public administration 4,708 169 3.6% 143 3.0% 312 6.6% 1.5%
Sector
For-profit 66,331 12,074 18.2% 5,410 8.2% 17,484 26.4% 84.5%
Government 14,195 1,034 7.3% 594 4.2% 1,629 11.5% 7.9%
Nonprofit 8,849 1,078 12.2% 510 5.8% 1,589 18.0% 7.7%

Notes: Values reflect the population likely to be affected by the proposed change in the federal minimum wage. Wage changes resulting from scheduled state and local minimum wage laws are accounted for by EPI’s Minimum Wage Simulation Model. Totals may not sum due to rounding. Shares calculated from unrounded values. Directly affected workers will see their wages rise as the new minimum wage rate will exceed their current hourly pay. Indirectly affected workers have a wage rate just above the new minimum wage (between the new minimum wage and 115 percent of the new minimum). They will receive a raise as employer pay scales are adjusted upward to reflect the new minimum wage.

Source: Economic Policy Institute Minimum Wage Simulation Model using data from the Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Congressional Budget Office. See Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer 2019. Dollar values adjusted by projections for CPI-U in CBO 2018.

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