Table 2
State legislative efforts could protect 63.7 million workers from "captive-audience" meetings: State legislation and employment levels by state, 2006–2024
| State | Year | Bills and statutes | Status | Total employment | Private sector employment | Public sector employment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | 2022 | SB 163 | Enacted | 1,641,000 | 1,384,000 | 257,000 |
| Maine | 2023 | SP 702 / LD 1756 | Enacted | 569,000 | 485,000 | 84,000 |
| Minnesota | 2023 | HF 2442 | Enacted | 2,691,000 | 2,331,000 | 359,000 |
| New Jersey‡ | 2006 | §34:19-10 | Enacted | 4,200,000 | 3,650,000 | 549,000 |
| New York | 2023 | S.4982 / A.6604 | Enacted | 8,309,000 | 6,917,000 | 1,392,000 |
| Oregon | 2010 | ORS 659.785 | Enacted | 1,802,000 | 1,523,000 | 279,000 |
| Washington | 2024 | SB 5778 | Enacted | 3,476,000 | 2,915,000 | 561,000 |
| Alaska | 2024 | HB 179 | Introduced | 304,000 | 221,000 | 83,000 |
| 2024 | Initiative 23AMLS | Pending referendum | ||||
| California | 2023 | SB 399 | Introduced | 16,434,000 | 13,894,000 | 2,540,000 |
| Colorado | 2024 | HB 24-1260 | Introduced | 2,740,000 | 2,274,000 | 466,000 |
| Hawaii | 2024 | SB 2715 | Introduced | 575,000 | 439,000 | 137,000 |
| Illinois | 2024 | SB 3649 | Introduced | 5,584,000 | 4,881,000 | 703,000 |
| Maryland | 2024 | HB 0802 | Introduced | 2,846,000 | 2,085,000 | 761,000 |
| Massachusetts | 2023 | S.958 | Introduced | 3,285,000 | 2,892,000 | 393,000 |
| Michigan | 2023 | HB 4236 | Introduced | 4,411,000 | 3,931,000 | 479,000 |
| Rhode Island | 2023 | H 7106 | Introduced | 499,000 | 437,000 | 63,000 |
| Vermont | 2023 | S. 102 | Introduced | 295,000 | 249,000 | 46,000 |
| Virginia | 2024 | SB 485 | Introduced | 4,043,000 | 3,132,000 | 911,000 |
| Total potentially protected workers | 63,704,000 | 53,640,000 | 10,063,000 | |||
Note: New Jersey statute §34:19-10 does not define communications regarding labor unions as "political matters" and thus allows anti-union captive audience meetings. Employment data refer to workers 16+. Self-employed and self-incorporated workers are excluded. Data are not seasonally adjusted.
Source: Authors' analysis of state legislation and 2023 employment data from the BLS Current Population Survey, accessed via Economic Policy Institute. 2024. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.49, https://microdata.epi.org.
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