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Percent Union Union effect on wages*
1978 1989 2000 2011 1978 1989 2000 2011
Occupation
White 14.7% 12.1% 11.2% 10.3% 0.2% 0.0% -0.2% -0.2%
Blue 43.1 28.9 23.1 17.8 11.5 6.7 4.3 3.5
Difference -28.4 -16.7 -11.9 -7.5 -11.3 -6.8 -4.5 -3.6
Education
College 14.3% 11.9% 13.1% 12.1% 0.9% 0.5% 0.9% 0.6%
High school 37.9 25.5 20.4 14.9 8.2 5.5 3.1 2.6
Difference -23.6 -13.6 -7.4 -2.9 -7.3 -5.0 -2.3 -2.0
Change in wage differential** Change in union effect Deunionization contribution
1978-89 1989-2000 2000-11 1978-2011 1978-89 1989-2000 2000-11 1978-2011 1978-89 1989-2000 2000-11 1978-2011
White-Collar/Blue-Collar 5.0 4.2 0.9 10.1 -4.6 -2.3 -0.9 -7.7 -90.5% -55.2% -91.8% -76.1%
College/High School 13.0 8.0 2.8 23.9 -2.3 -2.5 -0.3 -5.1 -17.8 -30.7 -10.2 -21.2
1978 1989 2000 2011
Percent Union
Occupation
White collar 14.7% 12.1% 11.2% 10.3%
Blue collar 43.1 28.9 23.1 17.8
Difference -28.4 -16.7 -11.9 -7.5
Education
College 14.3% 11.9% 13.1% 12.1%
High school 37.9 25.5 20.4 14.9
Difference -23.6 -13.6 -7.4 -2.9
Union effect*
Occupation
White collar 0.2% 0.0% -0.2% -0.2%
Blue collar 11.5 6.7 4.3 3.5
Difference -11.3 -6.8 -4.5 -3.6
Education
College 0.9% 0.5% 0.9% 0.6%
High school 8.2 5.5 3.1 2.6
Difference -7.3 -5.0 -2.3 -2.0
1978–1989 1989–2000 2000–11 1978–2011
Change in wage differential**
White-Collar/Blue-Collar 5.0 4.2 0.9 10.1
College/High School 13.0 8.0 2.8 23.9
Change in union effect on wages
White-Collar/Blue-Collar -4.6 -2.3 -0.9 -7.7
College/High School -2.3 -2.5 -0.3 -5.1
Deunionization contribution
White-Collar/Blue-Collar -90.5% -55.2% -91.8% -76.1%
College/High School -17.8 -30.7 -10.2 -21.2

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