Executive function at the beginning of kindergarten, compared with low socioeconomic status executive function, by SES quintile
Cognitive flexibility
| Unadjusted (M1S) | Adjusted by race (M2S) | Fully adjusted (M3S) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-middle SES | 0.144***(0.047) | 0.100**(0.048) | 0.098**(0.049) |
| Middle SES | 0.264***(0.048) | 0.201***(0.049) | 0.192***(0.051) |
| High-middle SES | 0.266***(0.047) | 0.192***(0.049) | 0.182***(0.051) |
| High SES | 0.346***(0.047) | 0.272***(0.048) | 0.254***(0.051) |
Working memory
| Unadjusted (M1S) | Adjusted by race (M2S) | Fully adjusted (M3S) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-middle SES | 0.201***(0.039) | 0.145***(0.040) | 0.101***(0.037) |
| Middle SES | 0.399***(0.042) | 0.318***(0.043) | 0.259***(0.041) |
| High-middle SES | 0.582***(0.043) | 0.489***(0.045) | 0.416***(0.043) |
| High SES | 0.705***(0.045) | 0.608***(0.046) | 0.513***(0.045) |
Note: SES refers to socioeconomic status. Model 1 (M1S) shows the baseline unadjusted standard deviation score for each socioeconomic group, relative to low-SES children. Model 2 (M2S) shows each group's relative performance after controlling for rache/ethnicity. Model 3 (M3S) shows relative performance after adjusting for all family and child characteristics, pre-K schooling, and enrichment activities with parents. See Appendix A and Tables D2 and F2.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)
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