Appendix Table F2

Executive function at the beginning of kindergarten, under fully adjusted models

Cognitive flexibility Working memory
M3R/M3S M3R/M3S
Black -0.240***
(0.057)		 -0.291***
(0.048)
Hispanic ELL -0.077
(0.094)		 -0.361***
(0.086)
Hispanic English -0.079**
(0.039)		 -0.167***
(0.038)
Asian -0.038
(0.060)		 -0.015
(0.067)
Other -0.090**
(0.044)		 0.047
(0.050)
Low-middle SES 0.098**
(0.049)		 0.101***
(0.037)
Middle SES 0.192***
(0.051)		 0.259***
(0.041)
High-middle SES 0.182***
(0.051)		 0.416***
(0.043)
High SES 0.254***
(0.051)		 0.513***
(0.045)
Girl 0.055***
(0.021)		 0.023
(0.021)
Age of student 0.012***
(0.003)		 -0.060***
(0.003)
Has a disability -0.198***
(0.029)		 -0.280***
(0.027)
Language at home is not English -0.180**
(0.072)		 -0.014
(0.073)
Not living with two parents 0.006
(0.029)		 -0.042
(0.027)
Number of siblings 0.008
(0.011)		 -0.023**
(0.009)
Immigrant -0.036
(0.035)		 -0.043
(0.036)
Center-based pre-K 0.012
(0.022)		 0.032
(0.022)
Enrichment activities with parents 0.044**
(0.021)		 0.073***
(0.020)
Constant -0.868***
(0.198)		 4.064***
(0.191)
Observations 10,220 9,570
Adj.R2 0.0974 0.255

Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A.

Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)

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