Table 3
Demographic characteristics of restaurant industry workers, by occupation, 2014
| Cashiers and counter attendants | Dishwashers | Food preparation workers | Hosts and hostesses | Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers (e.g., bussers) | Cooks | Waiters and waitresses | First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers | Chefs and head cooks | Bartenders | Managers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Female | 75.1% | 15.1% | 53.4% | 84.9% | 29.3% | 27.5% | 70.8% | 57.2% | 14.3% | 59.4% | 46.7% |
| Male | 24.9% | 84.9% | 46.6% | 15.1% | 70.7% | 72.5% | 29.2% | 42.8% | 85.7% | 40.6% | 53.3% |
| Nativity | |||||||||||
| U.S. born | 83.4% | 62.0% | 75.5% | 92.2% | 68.6% | 63.4% | 83.6% | 86.5% | 66.0% | 92.3% | 84.3% |
| Naturalized U.S. citizen | 5.0% | 5.1% | 4.4% | 3.9% | 5.7% | 6.8% | 5.5% | 5.6% | 13.8% | 2.9% | 7.8% |
| Non-naturalized immigrant | 11.6% | 33.0% | 20.1% | 3.8% | 25.8% | 29.9% | 10.9% | 7.9% | 20.2% | 4.8% | 7.8% |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 44.6% | 39.6% | 51.4% | 67.5% | 52.9% | 40.7% | 65.1% | 62.0% | 51.3% | 77.5% | 66.7% |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 20.0% | 12.3% | 11.1% | 10.0% | 3.7% | 13.7% | 6.8% | 12.6% | 9.4% | 3.3% | 9.0% |
| Hispanic, any race | 26.5% | 42.3% | 28.7% | 14.7% | 36.6% | 37.7% | 18.8% | 19.7% | 20.3% | 12.4% | 16.9% |
| Asian | 6.2% | 3.5% | 6.0% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 6.0% | 6.8% | 3.9% | 17.7% | 3.0% | 5.8% |
| Other | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% |
| Education | |||||||||||
| Not a high school graduate | 33.9% | 52.5% | 29.7% | 27.1% | 37.7% | 34.3% | 15.1% | 11.2% | 16.9% | 5.6% | 6.0% |
| High school graduate | 33.7% | 32.7% | 35.8% | 27.8% | 31.7% | 41.0% | 30.9% | 36.7% | 36.2% | 32.5% | 32.9% |
| Some college | 28.2% | 12.7% | 28.6% | 37.7% | 26.1% | 20.5% | 43.0% | 37.4% | 33.1% | 43.1% | 38.6% |
| Bachelor’s degree | 3.6% | 1.8% | 5.5% | 7.2% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 10.4% | 13.2% | 12.5% | 17.0% | 19.1% |
| Advanced degree | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 3.4% |
| Age | |||||||||||
| 16–24 | 68.9% | 46.5% | 51.7% | 76.7% | 60.8% | 34.3% | 48.3% | 30.4% | 16.0% | 21.0% | 16.9% |
| 25–54 | 27.5% | 44.0% | 42.6% | 17.6% | 32.9% | 58.2% | 46.5% | 61.0% | 75.1% | 71.1% | 73.4% |
| 55+ | 3.6% | 9.5% | 5.7% | 5.8% | 6.3% | 7.4% | 5.2% | 8.6% | 8.9% | 7.9% | 9.7% |
| Union coverage | |||||||||||
| Union | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 2.0% | 1.6% |
| Non-union | 98.4% | 98.1% | 98.1% | 98.9% | 98.6% | 98.4% | 98.5% | 97.7% | 97.8% | 98.0% | 98.4% |
Note: To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2011Q3–2014Q2 microdata.
Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata
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