Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Three asterisks (***) indicate significance at the 1 percent level, two indicate significance at the 5 percent level, and one indicates significance at the 10 percent level.

All models include year indicators. Demographic controls include variables for gender, experience (age and age squared), marital status (four category), race/ethnicity, and education, which are specified as dummy variables for less than high school, some college, associate degree, college, and advanced degree. Log of hourly wage is the dependent variable. Allocated wages are excluded. Individual-level labor market controls include variables for full-time status, hourly status, union status, occupations, and industries. State-level labor market controls include the unemployment rate. For cost-of-living controls, model 3 includes the PERI and MERIC measures (as used by Gould and Shierholz 2011) while model 4 utilizes the log of BEA's RPP-all items measure.