Summary of effects in 2028 of increasing the minimum wage to $17 by 2028, by state
| State | Total workforce | Directly affected | Share directly affected | Indirectly affected | Share indirectly affected | Total affected | Share of the state workforce affected | Average annual wage increase of affected workers (2023$) | Total annual wage change (2023$, millions) | Percent change in average annual wages of affected workers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. total | 146,831,000 | 14,727,000 | 10.0% | 13,131,000 | 8.9% | 27,858,000 | 19.0% | $3,100 | $86,352 | 12.1% |
| Alabama | 1,963,000 | 349,000 | 17.8% | 192,000 | 9.8% | 541,000 | 27.5% | $4,279 | $2,313 | 17.4% |
| Alaska | 330,000 | 21,000 | 6.4% | 32,000 | 9.7% | 53,000 | 16.1% | $1,876 | $100 | 6.5% |
| Arizona | 3,021,000 | 290,000 | 9.6% | 340,000 | 11.3% | 630,000 | 20.9% | $961 | $606 | 3.4% |
| Arkansas | 1,213,000 | 219,000 | 18.0% | 118,000 | 9.7% | 337,000 | 27.8% | $3,607 | $1,215 | 13.8% |
| California | 18,427,000 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Colorado | 2,681,000 | 161,000 | 6.0% | 231,000 | 8.6% | 392,000 | 14.6% | $1,018 | $399 | 3.7% |
| Connecticut | 1,706,000 | 14,000 | 0.8% | 35,000 | 2.1% | 50,000 | 2.9% | $6,471 | $321 | 22.8% |
| Delaware | 427,000 | 61,000 | 14.2% | 44,000 | 10.2% | 104,000 | 24.4% | $2,412 | $251 | 9.4% |
| District of Columbia | 363,000 | 3,000 | 0.7% | 4,000 | 1.1% | 7,000 | 1.8% | * | * | * |
| Florida | 8,925,000 | 1,135,000 | 12.7% | 1,188,000 | 13.3% | 2,323,000 | 26.0% | $1,233 | $2,863 | 4.3% |
| Georgia | 4,552,000 | 722,000 | 15.9% | 479,000 | 10.5% | 1,202,000 | 26.4% | $4,269 | $5,131 | 17.0% |
| Hawaii | 685,000 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Idaho | 721,000 | 112,000 | 15.5% | 76,000 | 10.5% | 188,000 | 26.0% | $3,519 | $661 | 14.5% |
| Illinois | 5,918,000 | 570,000 | 9.6% | 600,000 | 10.1% | 1,170,000 | 19.8% | $1,426 | $1,669 | 5.3% |
| Indiana | 2,976,000 | 407,000 | 13.7% | 314,000 | 10.5% | 721,000 | 24.2% | $3,506 | $2,528 | 14.7% |
| Iowa | 1,479,000 | 231,000 | 15.6% | 156,000 | 10.6% | 387,000 | 26.2% | $3,258 | $1,261 | 14.0% |
| Kansas | 1,341,000 | 191,000 | 14.3% | 136,000 | 10.1% | 327,000 | 24.4% | $3,619 | $1,184 | 15.1% |
| Kentucky | 1,825,000 | 311,000 | 17.0% | 172,000 | 9.4% | 483,000 | 26.5% | $4,156 | $2,007 | 17.6% |
| Louisiana | 1,900,000 | 420,000 | 22.1% | 191,000 | 10.1% | 611,000 | 32.1% | $5,174 | $3,159 | 20.9% |
| Maine | 600,000 | 34,000 | 5.7% | 72,000 | 12.0% | 106,000 | 17.7% | $1,285 | $136 | 5.0% |
| Maryland | 2,929,000 | 197,000 | 6.7% | 190,000 | 6.5% | 387,000 | 13.2% | $2,721 | $1,053 | 10.1% |
| Massachusetts | 3,399,000 | 30,000 | 0.9% | 440,000 | 13.0% | 471,000 | 13.8% | $1,859 | $875 | 7.2% |
| Michigan | 4,310,000 | 535,000 | 12.4% | 401,000 | 9.3% | 936,000 | 21.7% | $3,313 | $3,101 | 14.0% |
| Minnesota | 2,715,000 | 133,000 | 4.9% | 255,000 | 9.4% | 388,000 | 14.3% | $1,462 | $567 | 6.4% |
| Mississippi | 1,162,000 | 283,000 | 24.3% | 132,000 | 11.3% | 414,000 | 35.7% | $4,822 | $1,998 | 19.1% |
| Missouri | 2,694,000 | 346,000 | 12.9% | 299,000 | 11.1% | 646,000 | 24.0% | $2,403 | $1,552 | 9.3% |
| Montana | 452,000 | 64,000 | 14.1% | 49,000 | 10.9% | 113,000 | 25.0% | $2,514 | $284 | 10.5% |
| Nebraska | 922,000 | 121,000 | 13.1% | 73,000 | 7.9% | 194,000 | 21.0% | $2,212 | $428 | 9.2% |
| Nevada | 1,377,000 | 176,000 | 12.7% | 205,000 | 14.9% | 380,000 | 27.6% | $2,281 | $867 | 7.5% |
| New Hampshire | 668,000 | 71,000 | 10.6% | 53,000 | 8.0% | 124,000 | 18.6% | $3,289 | $409 | 14.7% |
| New Jersey | 4,232,000 | 253,000 | 6.0% | 493,000 | 11.7% | 746,000 | 17.6% | $1,867 | $1,392 | 6.8% |
| New Mexico | 890,000 | 139,000 | 15.6% | 107,000 | 12.1% | 246,000 | 27.7% | $3,057 | $753 | 11.6% |
| New York | 9,053,000 | 211,000 | 2.3% | 1,383,000 | 15.3% | 1,595,000 | 17.6% | $1,184 | $1,888 | 4.2% |
| North Carolina | 4,461,000 | 760,000 | 17.0% | 528,000 | 11.8% | 1,289,000 | 28.9% | $4,240 | $5,465 | 17.1% |
| North Dakota | 367,000 | 36,000 | 9.9% | 30,000 | 8.1% | 66,000 | 18.0% | $3,404 | $224 | 14.5% |
| Ohio | 5,193,000 | 724,000 | 13.9% | 548,000 | 10.5% | 1,272,000 | 24.5% | $2,994 | $3,807 | 12.6% |
| Oklahoma | 1,666,000 | 347,000 | 20.8% | 189,000 | 11.3% | 536,000 | 32.2% | $4,252 | $2,279 | 16.7% |
| Oregon | 1,828,000 | * | * | 141,000 | 7.7% | 141,000 | 7.7% | $626 | $88 | 2.3% |
| Pennsylvania | 5,763,000 | 724,000 | 12.6% | 508,000 | 8.8% | 1,232,000 | 21.4% | $3,968 | $4,890 | 17.2% |
| Rhode Island | 502,000 | 36,000 | 7.2% | 48,000 | 9.5% | 84,000 | 16.7% | $2,257 | $190 | 9.0% |
| South Carolina | 2,125,000 | 364,000 | 17.1% | 220,000 | 10.4% | 584,000 | 27.5% | $4,309 | $2,516 | 17.5% |
| South Dakota | 401,000 | 51,000 | 12.8% | 44,000 | 11.0% | 96,000 | 23.8% | $2,619 | $250 | 10.6% |
| Tennessee | 2,915,000 | 493,000 | 16.9% | 293,000 | 10.1% | 786,000 | 27.0% | $4,269 | $3,355 | 17.2% |
| Texas | 13,086,000 | 2,254,000 | 17.2% | 1,266,000 | 9.7% | 3,521,000 | 26.9% | $4,597 | $16,185 | 18.1% |
| Utah | 1,384,000 | 167,000 | 12.1% | 142,000 | 10.3% | 309,000 | 22.4% | $3,038 | $940 | 13.5% |
| Vermont | 292,000 | 21,000 | 7.3% | 24,000 | 8.4% | 46,000 | 15.7% | $1,606 | $74 | 6.5% |
| Virginia | 3,926,000 | 426,000 | 10.9% | 350,000 | 8.9% | 776,000 | 19.8% | $2,655 | $2,061 | 10.1% |
| Washington | 3,367,000 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| West Virginia | 684,000 | 115,000 | 16.9% | 66,000 | 9.7% | 182,000 | 26.5% | $3,742 | $679 | 15.4% |
| Wisconsin | 2,754,000 | 355,000 | 12.9% | 239,000 | 8.7% | 594,000 | 21.6% | $3,474 | $2,063 | 15.6% |
| Wyoming | 260,000 | 39,000 | 15.1% | 26,000 | 9.8% | 65,000 | 24.9% | $4,288 | $278 | 17.4% |
Notes: Values reflect the population estimated to be affected by the proposed change in the federal minimum wage. Wage changes resulting from scheduled state and local minimum wage laws are accounted for by EPI’s Minimum Wage Simulation Model. Totals may not sum due to rounding. Shares calculated from unrounded values. Directly affected workers will see their wages rise as the new minimum wage rate will exceed their current hourly pay. Indirectly affected workers have a wage rate just above the new minimum wage (between the new minimum wage and 115% of the new minimum). They will receive a raise as employer pay scales are adjusted upward to reflect the new minimum wage. Values marked * cannot be displayed because of sample size restrictions.
Source: Economic Policy Institute Minimum Wage Simulation Model; see Technical Methodology by Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer (2019).