These tables are from Raising the Minimum Wage to $12 by 2020 Would Lift Wages for 35 Million American Workers, a paper by David Cooper of the Economic Policy Institute. State-by-state data on the demographic characteristics of affected workers are available here.
These are corrected versions of tables initially posted on April 23, 2015. A programming error did not correctly account for scheduled changes to state minimum wages in 2019 and 2020. Accounting for those changes doesn’t significantly change the overall picture or the demographic profile of workers affected by the federal minimum-wage bill, but does decrease the estimate of affected workers and the amount of their increased wages, as some workers previously expected to get a raise under the bill will already have higher wages from the increase in their state minimum wage.
Table 1
Estimated effects of a federal minimum-wage increase to $12 in 2020, by step
| Size of increase | Total estimated workers1 | Directly affected2 | Indirectly affected3 | Total affected | Total affected as % of workers | Increased wages for directly and indirectly affected4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6/1/2016: $8.00 | $0.75 | 133,198,000 | 2,546,000 | 2,870,000 | 5,416,000 | 4.1% | $2,088,646,000 |
| 6/1/2017: $9.00 | $1.00 | 134,228,000 | 8,141,000 | 5,764,000 | 13,905,000 | 10.4% | $8,477,746,000 |
| 6/1/2018: $10.00 | $1.00 | 135,266,000 | 13,515,000 | 8,691,000 | 22,206,000 | 16.4% | $14,813,563,000 |
| 6/1/2019: $11.00 | $1.00 | 136,313,000 | 24,640,000 | 6,472,000 | 31,112,000 | 22.8% | $23,154,338,000 |
| 6/1/2020: $12.00 | $1.00 | 137,367,000 | 28,365,000 | 6,676,000 | 35,041,000 | 25.5% | $31,159,044,000 |
| 5-year totals: | $4.75 | 137,367,000 | 28,365,000 | 6,676,000 | 35,041,000 | 25.5% | $79,693,337,000 |
1 Total estimated workers is estimated from the CPS respondents who were 16 years old or older, employed, but not self-employed, and for whom either a valid hourly wage is reported or one can be imputed from weekly earnings and average weekly hours. Consequently, this estimate represents the identifiable wage-earning workforce and tends to understate the size of the full workforce.
2 Directly affected workers will see their wages rise, as the new minimum-wage rate will exceed their current hourly pay.
3 Indirectly affected workers have a wage rate just above the new minimum wage (between the new minimum wage and the new minimum wage plus the dollar amount of the increase in the previous year's minimum wage). They will receive a raise as employer pay scales are adjusted upward to reflect the new minimum wage.
4 Total annual amount of increased wages for directly and indirectly affected workers.
Note: Assumed annual population growth is 0.77% (U.S. projected average annual growth rate from 2015 to 2020, according to U.S. Census Bureau (2014)). Assumed annual wage growth is 1.24% leading up to the first increase (U.S. annual average of the bottom 20% of wage earners from 2010 to 2014). In subsequent steps, we assume the CBO's projections for inflation plus 0.2% real wage growth. For example, in year 3, CBO projects growth in the CPI-U of 2.2%, so we assume wage growth of 2.4%.
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
Table 2a
Characteristics of U.S. workers who would be affected by increasing the federal minimum wage to $12 per hour by July 2020, total
| Category | Estimated workforce | Directly affected | Indirectly affected | Total affected | Percentage of the total affected | Share of this category that is affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 137,367,000 | 28,365,000 | 6,676,000 | 35,041,000 | 100.0% | 25.5% |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 66,234,000 | 15,855,000 | 3,719,000 | 19,574,000 | 55.9% | 29.6% |
| Male | 71,133,000 | 12,511,000 | 2,957,000 | 15,468,000 | 44.1% | 21.7% |
| Age | ||||||
| Under 20 | 4,650,000 | 3,481,000 | 272,000 | 3,753,000 | 10.7% | 80.7% |
| 20 or older | 132,718,000 | 24,885,000 | 6,404,000 | 31,289,000 | 89.3% | 23.6% |
| Less than 25 | 18,827,000 | 10,201,000 | 1,498,000 | 11,699,000 | 33.4% | 62.1% |
| 25 to 39 | 46,012,000 | 8,213,000 | 2,272,000 | 10,485,000 | 29.9% | 22.8% |
| 40 to 54 | 44,583,000 | 5,854,000 | 1,654,000 | 7,508,000 | 21.4% | 16.8% |
| 55+ | 27,945,000 | 4,096,000 | 1,252,000 | 5,348,000 | 15.3% | 19.1% |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 88,590,000 | 14,938,000 | 3,689,000 | 18,627,000 | 53.2% | 21.0% |
| Black or African American | 15,543,000 | 4,522,000 | 879,000 | 5,401,000 | 15.4% | 34.7% |
| Hispanic of any race | 22,534,000 | 6,959,000 | 1,568,000 | 8,527,000 | 24.3% | 37.8% |
| Asian or other race/ethnicity | 10,700,000 | 1,946,000 | 540,000 | 2,486,000 | 7.1% | 23.2% |
| Family status | ||||||
| Married parent | 36,334,000 | 4,546,000 | 1,311,000 | 5,857,000 | 16.7% | 16.1% |
| Single parent | 10,548,000 | 3,113,000 | 737,000 | 3,850,000 | 11.0% | 36.5% |
| Married, no kids | 37,457,000 | 5,016,000 | 1,542,000 | 6,558,000 | 18.7% | 17.5% |
| Unmarried, no kids | 53,028,000 | 15,690,000 | 3,086,000 | 18,776,000 | 53.6% | 35.4% |
| Working moms | 23,222,000 | 5,098,000 | 1,250,000 | 6,348,000 | 18.1% | 27.3% |
| Single moms | 7,705,000 | 2,481,000 | 573,000 | 3,054,000 | 8.7% | 39.6% |
| Working dads | 23,660,000 | 2,561,000 | 798,000 | 3,359,000 | 9.6% | 14.2% |
| Single dads | 2,843,000 | 632,000 | 164,000 | 796,000 | 2.3% | 28.0% |
| Family annual income level | ||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 13,708,000 | 6,420,000 | 1,097,000 | 7,517,000 | 21.5% | 54.8% |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 26,523,000 | 7,953,000 | 2,034,000 | 9,987,000 | 28.5% | 37.7% |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 24,076,000 | 4,814,000 | 1,244,000 | 6,058,000 | 17.3% | 25.2% |
| $60,000–$74,999 | 16,411,000 | 2,702,000 | 680,000 | 3,382,000 | 9.7% | 20.6% |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 19,852,000 | 2,711,000 | 688,000 | 3,399,000 | 9.7% | 17.1% |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 21,162,000 | 2,353,000 | 582,000 | 2,935,000 | 8.4% | 13.9% |
| $150,000 or more | 15,636,000 | 1,412,000 | 352,000 | 1,764,000 | 5.0% | 11.3% |
| Work hours | ||||||
| Part time (< 19 hours per week) | 7,463,000 | 3,921,000 | 490,000 | 4,411,000 | 12.6% | 59.1% |
| Mid time (20–34 hours per week) | 19,436,000 | 9,120,000 | 1,390,000 | 10,510,000 | 30.0% | 54.1% |
| Full time (35+ hours per week) | 110,469,000 | 15,325,000 | 4,796,000 | 20,121,000 | 57.4% | 18.2% |
| Education level | ||||||
| Less than high school | 11,954,000 | 5,956,000 | 906,000 | 6,862,000 | 19.6% | 57.4% |
| High school | 37,167,000 | 9,993,000 | 2,366,000 | 12,359,000 | 35.3% | 33.3% |
| Some college, no degree | 26,069,000 | 7,172,000 | 1,673,000 | 8,845,000 | 25.2% | 33.9% |
| Associate degree | 14,622,000 | 2,451,000 | 701,000 | 3,152,000 | 9.0% | 21.6% |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 47,555,000 | 2,792,000 | 1,029,000 | 3,821,000 | 10.9% | 8.0% |
| Total est. # of children | Child has directly affected parent | Child has indirectly affected parent | Total children with affected parents | % of all children | ||
| Children with at least one affected parent | 77,411,000 | 14,054,000 | 3,463,000 | 17,517,000 | 22.6% | |
| Average share of family income earned by affected worker |
Share of affected workers who are sole providers of their family’s income | |||||
| All affected | 54.3% | 23.7% | ||||
| Parents affected | 63.1% | 31.4% | ||||
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
Table 2b
Characteristics of U.S. workers who would be affected by increasing the federal minimum wage to $12 per hour by July 2020, white non-Hispanic only
| Category | Estimated workforce | Total affected | Percentage of the total affected | Share of this category that is affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 88,590,000 | 18,627,000 | 100.0% | 21.0% |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 42,954,000 | 10,940,000 | 58.7% | 25.5% |
| Male | 45,636,000 | 7,687,000 | 41.3% | 16.8% |
| Age | ||||
| Under 20 | 3,047,000 | 2,443,000 | 13.1% | 80.2% |
| 20 or older | 85,543,000 | 16,184,000 | 86.9% | 18.9% |
| Less than 25 | 11,407,000 | 6,743,000 | 36.2% | 59.1% |
| 25 to 39 | 27,260,000 | 4,713,000 | 25.3% | 17.3% |
| 40 to 54 | 29,055,000 | 3,726,000 | 20.0% | 12.8% |
| 55+ | 20,869,000 | 3,445,000 | 18.5% | 16.5% |
| Family status | ||||
| Married parent | 23,198,000 | 2,761,000 | 14.8% | 11.9% |
| Single parent | 4,995,000 | 1,456,000 | 7.8% | 29.1% |
| Married, no kids | 27,370,000 | 3,954,000 | 21.2% | 14.4% |
| Unmarried, no kids | 33,026,000 | 10,456,000 | 56.1% | 31.7% |
| Working moms | 13,794,000 | 2,939,000 | 15.8% | 21.3% |
| Single moms | 3,504,000 | 1,166,000 | 6.3% | 33.3% |
| Working dads | 14,399,000 | 1,278,000 | 6.9% | 8.9% |
| Single dads | 1,492,000 | 289,000 | 1.6% | 19.4% |
| Family annual income level | ||||
| Less than $20,000 | 6,196,000 | 3,018,000 | 16.2% | 48.7% |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 13,702,000 | 4,556,000 | 24.5% | 33.3% |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 15,261,000 | 3,387,000 | 18.2% | 22.2% |
| $60,000–$74,999 | 11,106,000 | 2,011,000 | 10.8% | 18.1% |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 14,418,000 | 2,309,000 | 12.4% | 16.0% |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 15,959,000 | 2,040,000 | 11.0% | 12.8% |
| $150,000 or more | 11,948,000 | 1,306,000 | 7.0% | 10.9% |
| Work hours | ||||
| Part time (< 19 hours per week) | 5,261,000 | 2,937,000 | 15.8% | 55.8% |
| Mid time (20–34 hours per week) | 12,211,000 | 5,963,000 | 32.0% | 48.8% |
| Full time (35+ hours per week) | 71,118,000 | 9,727,000 | 52.2% | 13.7% |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than high school | 4,301,000 | 2,491,000 | 13.4% | 57.9% |
| High school | 23,012,000 | 6,616,000 | 35.5% | 28.8% |
| Some college, no degree | 16,530,000 | 5,071,000 | 27.2% | 30.7% |
| Associate degree | 10,280,000 | 1,938,000 | 10.4% | 18.9% |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 34,466,000 | 2,510,000 | 13.5% | 7.3% |
| Average share of family income earned by affected worker | Share of affected workers who are sole providers of their family’s income | |||
| All affected | 47.1% | 17.5% | ||
| Parents affected | 53.7% | 21.7% | ||
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
Table 2c
Characteristics of U.S. workers who would be affected by increasing the federal minimum wage to $12 per hour by July 2020, black only
| Category | Estimated workforce | Total affected | Percentage of the total affected | Share of this category that is affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 15,543,000 | 5,401,000 | 100.0% | 34.7% |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 8,471,000 | 3,114,000 | 57.7% | 36.8% |
| Male | 7,072,000 | 2,287,000 | 42.3% | 32.3% |
| Age | ||||
| Under 20 | 442,000 | 366,000 | 6.8% | 82.8% |
| 20 or older | 15,101,000 | 5,035,000 | 93.2% | 33.3% |
| Less than 25 | 2,192,000 | 1,565,000 | 29.0% | 71.4% |
| 25 to 39 | 5,413,000 | 1,926,000 | 35.7% | 35.6% |
| 40 to 54 | 5,214,000 | 1,226,000 | 22.7% | 23.5% |
| 55+ | 2,724,000 | 684,000 | 12.7% | 25.1% |
| Family status | ||||
| Married parent | 2,863,000 | 635,000 | 11.8% | 22.2% |
| Single parent | 2,301,000 | 1,000,000 | 18.5% | 43.5% |
| Married, no kids | 2,900,000 | 689,000 | 12.8% | 23.8% |
| Unmarried, no kids | 7,479,000 | 3,076,000 | 57.0% | 41.1% |
| Working moms | 3,148,000 | 1,170,000 | 21.7% | 37.2% |
| Single moms | 1,911,000 | 852,000 | 15.8% | 44.6% |
| Working dads | 2,016,000 | 466,000 | 8.6% | 23.1% |
| Single dads | 390,000 | 149,000 | 2.8% | 38.2% |
| Family annual income level | ||||
| Less than $20,000 | 2,710,000 | 1,669,000 | 30.9% | 61.6% |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 4,162,000 | 1,702,000 | 31.5% | 40.9% |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 2,861,000 | 822,000 | 15.2% | 28.7% |
| $60,000–$74,999 | 1,742,000 | 452,000 | 8.4% | 25.9% |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 1,575,000 | 306,000 | 5.7% | 19.4% |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 1,561,000 | 313,000 | 5.8% | 20.1% |
| $150,000 or more | 932,000 | 136,000 | 2.5% | 14.6% |
| Work hours | ||||
| Part time (< 19 hours per week) | 670,000 | 476,000 | 8.8% | 71.0% |
| Mid time (20–34 hours per week) | 2,322,000 | 1,566,000 | 29.0% | 67.4% |
| Full time (35+ hours per week) | 12,551,000 | 3,359,000 | 62.2% | 26.8% |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than high school | 1,146,000 | 735,000 | 13.6% | 64.1% |
| High school | 4,938,000 | 2,144,000 | 39.7% | 43.4% |
| Some college, no degree | 3,784,000 | 1,562,000 | 28.9% | 41.3% |
| Associate degree | 1,683,000 | 515,000 | 9.5% | 30.6% |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 3,992,000 | 445,000 | 8.2% | 11.1% |
| Average share of family income earned by affected worker | Share of affected workers who are sole providers of their family’s income | |||
| All affected | 64.4% | 33.7% | ||
| Parents affected | 71.9% | 42.5% | ||
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
Table 2d
Characteristics of U.S. workers who would be affected by increasing the federal minimum wage to $12 per hour by July 2020, Hispanic of any race only
| Category | Estimated workforce | Total affected | Percentage of the total affected | Share of this category that is affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 22,534,000 | 8,527,000 | 100.0% | 37.8% |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 9,647,000 | 4,179,000 | 49.0% | 43.3% |
| Male | 12,887,000 | 4,348,000 | 51.0% | 33.7% |
| Age | ||||
| Under 20 | 832,000 | 675,000 | 7.9% | 81.1% |
| 20 or older | 21,703,000 | 7,853,000 | 92.1% | 36.2% |
| Less than 25 | 3,862,000 | 2,556,000 | 30.0% | 66.2% |
| 25 to 39 | 9,193,000 | 3,122,000 | 36.6% | 34.0% |
| 40 to 54 | 6,880,000 | 2,026,000 | 23.8% | 29.4% |
| 55+ | 2,599,000 | 823,000 | 9.7% | 31.7% |
| Family status | ||||
| Married parent | 6,806,000 | 2,005,000 | 23.5% | 29.5% |
| Single parent | 2,660,000 | 1,207,000 | 14.2% | 45.4% |
| Married, no kids | 4,428,000 | 1,383,000 | 16.2% | 31.2% |
| Unmarried, no kids | 8,641,000 | 3,933,000 | 46.1% | 45.5% |
| Working moms | 4,332,000 | 1,822,000 | 21.4% | 42.1% |
| Single moms | 1,860,000 | 891,000 | 10.4% | 47.9% |
| Working dads | 5,134,000 | 1,389,000 | 16.3% | 27.1% |
| Single dads | 800,000 | 316,000 | 3.7% | 39.5% |
| Family annual income level | ||||
| Less than $20,000 | 3,867,000 | 2,368,000 | 27.8% | 61.2% |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 6,684,000 | 3,011,000 | 35.3% | 45.0% |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 4,320,000 | 1,420,000 | 16.7% | 32.9% |
| $60,000–$74,999 | 2,325,000 | 643,000 | 7.5% | 27.7% |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 2,364,000 | 512,000 | 6.0% | 21.7% |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 1,930,000 | 394,000 | 4.6% | 20.4% |
| $150,000 or more | 1,043,000 | 180,000 | 2.1% | 17.3% |
| Work hours | ||||
| Part time (< 19 hours per week) | 989,000 | 660,000 | 7.7% | 66.7% |
| Mid time (20–34 hours per week) | 3,471,000 | 2,227,000 | 26.1% | 64.2% |
| Full time (35+ hours per week) | 18,074,000 | 5,640,000 | 66.1% | 31.2% |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than high school | 5,792,000 | 3,230,000 | 37.9% | 55.8% |
| High school | 7,066,000 | 2,800,000 | 32.8% | 39.6% |
| Some college, no degree | 4,096,000 | 1,569,000 | 18.4% | 38.3% |
| Associate degree | 1,805,000 | 512,000 | 6.0% | 28.4% |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 3,775,000 | 416,000 | 4.9% | 11.0% |
| Average share of family income earned by affected worker | Share of affected workers who are sole providers of their family’s income | |||
| All affected | 64.2% | 32.0% | ||
| Parents affected | 71.5% | 39.9% | ||
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
Table 2e
Characteristics of U.S. workers who would be affected by increasing the federal minimum wage to $12 per hour by July 2020, Asian or other race only
| Category | Estimated workforce | Total affected | Percentage of the total affected | Share of this category that is affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 10,700,000 | 2,486,000 | 100.0% | 23.2% |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 5,162,000 | 1,341,000 | 53.9% | 26.0% |
| Male | 5,538,000 | 1,145,000 | 46.1% | 20.7% |
| Age | ||||
| Under 20 | 329,000 | 269,000 | 10.8% | 81.8% |
| 20 or older | 10,371,000 | 2,217,000 | 89.2% | 21.4% |
| Less than 25 | 1,366,000 | 836,000 | 33.6% | 61.2% |
| 25 to 39 | 4,146,000 | 724,000 | 29.1% | 17.5% |
| 40 to 54 | 3,434,000 | 530,000 | 21.3% | 15.4% |
| 55+ | 1,753,000 | 396,000 | 15.9% | 22.6% |
| Family status | ||||
| Married parent | 3,467,000 | 456,000 | 18.3% | 13.2% |
| Single parent | 592,000 | 187,000 | 7.5% | 31.6% |
| Married, no kids | 2,759,000 | 532,000 | 21.4% | 19.3% |
| Unmarried, no kids | 3,882,000 | 1,311,000 | 52.7% | 33.8% |
| Working moms | 1,949,000 | 416,000 | 16.7% | 21.3% |
| Single moms | 430,000 | 146,000 | 5.9% | 34.0% |
| Working dads | 2,110,000 | 227,000 | 9.1% | 10.8% |
| Single dads | 162,000 | 42,000 | 1.7% | 25.9% |
| Family annual income level | ||||
| Less than $20,000 | 935,000 | 462,000 | 18.6% | 49.4% |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 1,976,000 | 718,000 | 28.9% | 36.3% |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 1,634,000 | 429,000 | 17.3% | 26.3% |
| $60,000–$74,999 | 1,237,000 | 275,000 | 11.1% | 22.2% |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 1,495,000 | 273,000 | 11.0% | 18.3% |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 1,711,000 | 187,000 | 7.5% | 10.9% |
| $150,000 or more | 1,713,000 | 142,000 | 5.7% | 8.3% |
| Work hours | ||||
| Part time (< 19 hours per week) | 543,000 | 337,000 | 13.6% | 62.1% |
| Mid time (20–34 hours per week) | 1,432,000 | 754,000 | 30.3% | 52.7% |
| Full time (35+ hours per week) | 8,725,000 | 1,395,000 | 56.1% | 16.0% |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than high school | 715,000 | 405,000 | 16.3% | 56.6% |
| High school | 2,151,000 | 799,000 | 32.1% | 37.1% |
| Some college, no degree | 1,660,000 | 644,000 | 25.9% | 38.8% |
| Associate degree | 854,000 | 187,000 | 7.5% | 21.9% |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 5,321,000 | 450,000 | 18.1% | 8.5% |
| Average share of family income earned by affected worker | Share of affected workers who are sole providers of their family’s income | |||
| All affected | 52.3% | 19.7% | ||
| Parents affected | 60.1% | 25.4% | ||
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
Table 2f
Characteristics of U.S. workers who would be affected by increasing the federal minimum wage to $12 per hour by July 2020, women of color only
| Category | Estimated workforce | Total affected | Percentage of the total affected | Share of this category that is affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 23,280,000 | 8,634,000 | 100.0% | 37.1% |
| Age | ||||
| Under 20 | 818,000 | 677,000 | 7.8% | 82.8% |
| 20 or older | 22,462,000 | 7,957,000 | 92.2% | 35.4% |
| Less than 25 | 3,598,000 | 2,478,000 | 28.7% | 68.9% |
| 25 to 39 | 8,546,000 | 2,859,000 | 33.1% | 33.5% |
| 40 to 54 | 7,574,000 | 2,183,000 | 25.3% | 28.8% |
| 55+ | 3,563,000 | 1,114,000 | 12.9% | 31.3% |
| Family status | ||||
| Married parent | 5,227,000 | 1,520,000 | 17.6% | 29.1% |
| Single parent | 4,201,000 | 1,888,000 | 21.9% | 44.9% |
| Married, no kids | 4,652,000 | 1,362,000 | 15.8% | 29.3% |
| Unmarried, no kids | 9,200,000 | 3,863,000 | 44.7% | 42.0% |
| Working moms | 9,428,000 | 3,408,000 | 39.5% | 36.1% |
| Single moms | 4,201,000 | 1,888,000 | 21.9% | 44.9% |
| Family annual income level | ||||
| Less than $20,000 | 3,915,000 | 2,493,000 | 28.9% | 63.7% |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 6,058,000 | 2,749,000 | 31.8% | 45.4% |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 4,067,000 | 1,377,000 | 15.9% | 33.9% |
| $60,000–$74,999 | 2,464,000 | 730,000 | 8.5% | 29.6% |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 2,523,000 | 601,000 | 7.0% | 23.8% |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 2,479,000 | 443,000 | 5.1% | 17.9% |
| $150,000 or more | 1,775,000 | 241,000 | 2.8% | 13.6% |
| Work hours | ||||
| Part time (< 19 hours per week) | 1,411,000 | 937,000 | 10.9% | 66.4% |
| Mid time (20–34 hours per week) | 4,394,000 | 2,754,000 | 31.9% | 62.7% |
| Full time (35+ hours per week) | 17,476,000 | 4,944,000 | 57.3% | 28.3% |
| Education level | ||||
| Less than high school | 2,809,000 | 1,955,000 | 22.6% | 69.6% |
| High school | 6,306,000 | 3,007,000 | 34.8% | 47.7% |
| Some college, no degree | 4,878,000 | 2,131,000 | 24.7% | 43.7% |
| Associate degree | 2,428,000 | 781,000 | 9.0% | 32.2% |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 6,859,000 | 760,000 | 8.8% | 11.1% |
| Average share of family income earned by affected worker | Share of affected workers who are sole providers of their family’s income | |||
| All affected | 61.2% | 30.1% | ||
| Parents affected | 68.5% | 38.3% | ||
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
Table 3
Estimated effects of a federal minimum-wage increase to $12 by July 2020, fully phased-in, by state
| State | Estimated wage-earning population | Directly affected | Indirectly affected | Total affected | Share of state workforce | Total wage increase for directly and indirectly affected workers | Average total increase in annual income for affected workers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 137,367,000 | 28,365,000 | 6,676,000 | 35,041,000 | 25.5% | $79,693,337,000 | $2,300 |
| Alabama | 1,972,000 | 492,000 | 97,000 | 589,000 | 29.9% | $1,626,600,000 | $2,800 |
| Alaska | 321,000 | 26,000 | 24,000 | 50,000 | 15.6% | $42,661,000 | $800 |
| Arizona | 2,710,000 | 636,000 | 143,000 | 779,000 | 28.7% | $1,760,314,000 | $2,300 |
| Arkansas | 1,157,000 | 325,000 | 58,000 | 383,000 | 33.1% | $999,562,000 | $2,600 |
| California | 15,808,000 | 2,716,000 | 1,075,000 | 3,791,000 | 24.0% | $4,123,717,000 | $1,100 |
| Colorado | 2,429,000 | 394,000 | 94,000 | 488,000 | 20.1% | $1,010,738,000 | $2,100 |
| Connecticut | 1,632,000 | 271,000 | 59,000 | 330,000 | 20.2% | $363,609,000 | $1,100 |
| Delaware | 403,000 | 80,000 | 20,000 | 100,000 | 24.8% | $211,521,000 | $2,100 |
| District of Columbia | 340,000 | – | – | – | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Florida | 8,406,000 | 1,902,000 | 353,000 | 2,255,000 | 26.8% | $5,734,670,000 | $2,500 |
| Georgia | 4,104,000 | 1,043,000 | 168,000 | 1,210,000 | 29.5% | $3,659,438,000 | $3,000 |
| Hawaii | 596,000 | 124,000 | 21,000 | 145,000 | 24.3% | $177,188,000 | $1,200 |
| Idaho | 671,000 | 177,000 | 30,000 | 207,000 | 30.8% | $577,820,000 | $2,800 |
| Illinois | 5,740,000 | 1,231,000 | 223,000 | 1,454,000 | 25.3% | $3,504,000,000 | $2,400 |
| Indiana | 2,927,000 | 733,000 | 123,000 | 855,000 | 29.2% | $2,400,665,000 | $2,800 |
| Iowa | 1,525,000 | 336,000 | 77,000 | 412,000 | 27.0% | $1,050,892,000 | $2,500 |
| Kansas | 1,344,000 | 305,000 | 68,000 | 373,000 | 27.8% | $999,302,000 | $2,700 |
| Kentucky | 1,794,000 | 436,000 | 99,000 | 535,000 | 29.8% | $1,528,313,000 | $2,900 |
| Louisiana | 1,916,000 | 468,000 | 93,000 | 561,000 | 29.3% | $1,650,552,000 | $2,900 |
| Maine | 591,000 | 130,000 | 25,000 | 155,000 | 26.2% | $367,929,000 | $2,400 |
| Maryland | 2,733,000 | 462,000 | 92,000 | 554,000 | 20.3% | $659,495,000 | $1,200 |
| Massachusetts | 3,172,000 | 68,000 | 459,000 | 527,000 | 16.6% | $122,439,000 | $200 |
| Michigan | 4,210,000 | 931,000 | 189,000 | 1,120,000 | 26.6% | $2,212,337,000 | $2,000 |
| Minnesota | 2,659,000 | 440,000 | 113,000 | 553,000 | 20.8% | $737,488,000 | $1,300 |
| Mississippi | 1,075,000 | 287,000 | 53,000 | 340,000 | 31.6% | $1,108,815,000 | $3,300 |
| Missouri | 2,676,000 | 605,000 | 108,000 | 713,000 | 26.6% | $1,917,625,000 | $2,700 |
| Montana | 433,000 | 107,000 | 24,000 | 131,000 | 30.3% | $280,153,000 | $2,100 |
| Nebraska | 917,000 | 186,000 | 52,000 | 238,000 | 26.0% | $357,534,000 | $1,500 |
| Nevada | 1,228,000 | 298,000 | 64,000 | 362,000 | 29.5% | $983,415,000 | $2,700 |
| New Hampshire | 655,000 | 115,000 | 26,000 | 141,000 | 21.5% | $327,545,000 | $2,300 |
| New Jersey | 4,033,000 | 690,000 | 137,000 | 827,000 | 20.5% | $1,744,157,000 | $2,100 |
| New Mexico | 797,000 | 198,000 | 36,000 | 234,000 | 29.4% | $666,459,000 | $2,900 |
| New York | 8,422,000 | 1,547,000 | 328,000 | 1,875,000 | 22.3% | $3,563,101,000 | $1,900 |
| North Carolina | 4,114,000 | 1,141,000 | 194,000 | 1,335,000 | 32.5% | $3,993,754,000 | $3,000 |
| North Dakota | 368,000 | 63,000 | 18,000 | 81,000 | 22.0% | $196,271,000 | $2,400 |
| Ohio | 5,188,000 | 1,095,000 | 249,000 | 1,343,000 | 25.9% | $2,980,908,000 | $2,200 |
| Oklahoma | 1,533,000 | 339,000 | 75,000 | 414,000 | 27.0% | $1,202,714,000 | $2,900 |
| Oregon | 1,624,000 | 273,000 | 83,000 | 357,000 | 22.0% | $516,006,000 | $1,400 |
| Pennsylvania | 5,769,000 | 1,162,000 | 240,000 | 1,402,000 | 24.3% | $3,496,215,000 | $2,500 |
| Rhode Island | 474,000 | 92,000 | 16,000 | 108,000 | 22.8% | $208,215,000 | $1,900 |
| South Carolina | 1,971,000 | 506,000 | 89,000 | 595,000 | 30.2% | $1,737,731,000 | $2,900 |
| South Dakota | 380,000 | 81,000 | 20,000 | 102,000 | 26.8% | $163,666,000 | $1,600 |
| Tennessee | 2,624,000 | 689,000 | 122,000 | 812,000 | 30.9% | $2,389,551,000 | $2,900 |
| Texas | 11,724,000 | 2,919,000 | 526,000 | 3,445,000 | 29.4% | $10,239,937,000 | $3,000 |
| Utah | 1,292,000 | 275,000 | 69,000 | 344,000 | 26.6% | $834,767,000 | $2,400 |
| Vermont | 299,000 | 43,000 | 12,000 | 55,000 | 18.4% | $51,511,000 | $900 |
| Virginia | 3,833,000 | 725,000 | 150,000 | 875,000 | 22.8% | $2,351,019,000 | $2,700 |
| Washington | 3,045,000 | 417,000 | 136,000 | 554,000 | 18.2% | $654,366,000 | $1,200 |
| West Virginia | 719,000 | 190,000 | 30,000 | 220,000 | 30.6% | $436,777,000 | $2,000 |
| Wisconsin | 2,748,000 | 548,000 | 106,000 | 654,000 | 23.8% | $1,622,497,000 | $2,500 |
| Wyoming | 267,000 | 49,000 | 11,000 | 60,000 | 22.5% | $147,377,000 | $2,400 |
Note: Total estimated workers is estimated from the CPS respondents who were 16 years old or older, employed, but not self-employed, and for whom either a valid hourly wage is reported or one can be imputed from weekly earnings and average weekly hours. Consequently, this estimate represents the identifiable wage-earning workforce and tends to understate the size of the full workforce. Directly affected workers will see their wages rise because the new minimum wage rate will exceed their current hourly pay. Indirectly affected workers have a wage rate just above the new minimum wage (modeled as workers with wages between the new minimum wage and the new minimum wage plus the dollar amount of the increase in the previous year's minimum wage). They will receive a raise as employer pay scales are adjusted upward to reflect the new minimum wage.
Source: EPI analysis of Raise the Wage Act using Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata, 2014
