Child labor violations are lower in states that mandate youth work permits: Average cases per million and minors per million by youth work permit mandates
| Year | Permit (Cases) | No Permit (Cases) | Permit (Minors) | No Permit (Minors) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 2.88 | 4.55 | 6.46 | 11.69 |
| 2009 | 3.69 | 3.56 | 7.78 | 6.00 |
| 2010 | 4.03 | 4.03 | 7.50 | 6.56 |
| 2011 | 3.43 | 4.32 | 6.23 | 8.76 |
| 2012 | 2.56 | 4.48 | 7.69 | 17.62 |
| 2013 | 2.36 | 2.97 | 4.36 | 10.95 |
| 2014 | 2.79 | 4.08 | 4.88 | 10.32 |
| 2015 | 3.13 | 7.83 | 9.32 | 21.24 |
| 2016 | 3.27 | 5.34 | 9.50 | 16.06 |
| 2017 | 3.30 | 3.77 | 12.55 | 22.63 |
| 2018 | 2.65 | 4.49 | 8.93 | 19.82 |
| 2019 | 3.08 | 4.23 | 15.74 | 21.26 |
| 2020 | 3.54 | 4.12 | 16.49 | 32.87 |
Source: Adapted Figure 3 from Bao, Fred (Jiacong) and Kabra, Ashish. 2024. State Mandated Employment Certificate for Minors Reduces Child Labor Violations in the US. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4857432 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4857432.