Summary statistics on minimum wage violations in Michigan

Category Minimum-wage-eligible workers Eligible workers experiencing minimum wage violations
Total number Share of total Number Share of total group Group’s share of category Average hourly underpayment Average weekly underpayment Average annual underpayment if full-year Total earned annual wages not paid to workers Average weekly wages received Average annual wages received if full-year Total annual wages received by workers experiencing minimum wage violations Share of earned wages not paid
All workers 2,861,000 100.0% 130,200 4.5% 100.0% $2.05 $63 $3,300 $429,000,000 $169 $8,800 $1,144,000,000 27.3%
Low-wage earners 759,000 26.5% 130,200 17.2% 100.0% $2.05 $63 $3,300 $429,000,000 $169 $8,800 $1,144,000,000 27.3%
Gender
Men 1,528,000 53.4% 50,110 3.3% 38.5% $1.83 $57 $3,000 $148,000,000 $175 $9,100 $455,000,000 24.6%
Women 1,333,000 46.6% 80,090 6.0% 61.5% $2.19 $67 $3,500 $281,000,000 $165 $8,600 $689,000,000 29.0%
Age
Under 20 145,000 5.1% 15,510 10.7% 11.9% $1.39 $35 $1,800 $29,000,000 $140 $7,300 $113,000,000 20.2%
20 and over 2,716,000 94.9% 114,690 4.2% 88.1% $2.14 $67 $3,500 $401,000,000 $173 $9,000 $1,031,000,000 28.0%
16–24 512,000 17.9% 55,500 10.8% 42.6% $1.60 $44 $2,300 $127,000,000 $153 $7,900 $441,000,000 22.3%
25–54 1,785,000 62.4% 58,090 3.3% 44.6% $2.43 $78 $4,000 $235,000,000 $179 $9,300 $541,000,000 30.3%
55–85 565,000 19.8% 16,600 2.9% 12.8% $2.23 $78 $4,000 $67,000,000 $187 $9,700 $162,000,000 29.3%
Race/ethnicity
White 2,244,000 78.4% 91,520 4.1% 70.3% $2.11 $63 $3,300 $298,000,000 $168 $8,700 $801,000,000 27.1%
Black 348,000 12.1% 22,500 6.5% 17.3% $1.72 $55 $2,800 $64,000,000 $172 $8,900 $201,000,000 24.1%
Hispanic 148,000 5.2% 9,750 6.6% 7.5% $2.47 $90 $4,700 $46,000,000 $160 $8,300 $81,000,000 35.9%
Other 122,000 4.3% 6,420 5.3% 4.9% $1.75 $64 $3,300 $21,000,000 $181 $9,400 $61,000,000 26.1%
Marital & family status
Married parent 652,000 22.8% 15,430 2.4% 11.9% $1.96 $65 $3,400 $52,000,000 $209 $10,900 $168,000,000 23.7%
Single parent 234,000 8.2% 13,240 5.7% 10.2% $2.46 $72 $3,700 $49,000,000 $162 $8,400 $112,000,000 30.7%
Married, no kids 721,000 25.2% 20,720 2.9% 15.9% $2.30 $78 $4,100 $84,000,000 $188 $9,800 $203,000,000 29.4%
Unmarried, no kids 1,254,000 43.8% 80,800 6.4% 62.1% $1.94 $58 $3,000 $243,000,000 $157 $8,200 $662,000,000 26.9%
Family income
Less than $10,000 105,000 3.7% 9,600 9.1% 7.4% $2.05 $63 $3,300 $32,000,000 $156 $8,100 $78,000,000 28.8%
$10,000–$24,999 311,000 10.9% 23,190 7.5% 17.8% $2.44 $76 $3,900 $91,000,000 $172 $8,900 $207,000,000 30.6%
$25,000–$39,999 474,000 16.6% 27,100 5.7% 20.8% $1.95 $63 $3,300 $89,000,000 $173 $9,000 $243,000,000 26.8%
$40,000–$59,999 569,000 19.9% 24,060 4.2% 18.5% $2.37 $71 $3,700 $89,000,000 $179 $9,300 $224,000,000 28.5%
$60,000–$99,999 807,000 28.2% 28,980 3.6% 22.3% $1.81 $58 $3,000 $88,000,000 $175 $9,100 $263,000,000 25.1%
$100,000–$149,999 405,000 14.2% 13,460 3.3% 10.3% $1.50 $39 $2,000 $28,000,000 $146 $7,600 $102,000,000 21.2%
$150,000 or more 190,000 6.6% 3,800 2.0% 2.9% $2.09 $63 $3,300 $12,000,000 $134 $7,000 $27,000,000 32.0%
Industry
Construction 136,000 4.8% 2,660 1.9% 2.0% $1.39 $48 $2,500 $7,000,000 $213 $11,100 $29,000,000 18.3%
Manufacturing 625,000 21.8% 7,770 1.2% 6.0% $2.39 $97 $5,100 $39,000,000 $194 $10,100 $78,000,000 33.4%
Retail 422,000 14.7% 21,000 5.0% 16.1% $0.89 $27 $1,400 $30,000,000 $202 $10,500 $221,000,000 11.9%
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing  –  –
Wholesale 77,000 2.7% 2,760 3.6% 2.1% $0.72 $31 $1,600 $5,000,000 $282 $14,700 $41,000,000 10.0%
Transportation and utilities 166,000 5.8% 2,340 1.4% 1.8% $1.32 $70 $3,600 $8,000,000 $299 $15,500 $36,000,000 18.9%
Information 40,000 1.4% 1,670 4.2% 1.3% $2.80 $72 $3,700 $6,000,000 $109 $5,700 $9,000,000 39.8%
Financial activities 111,000 3.9% 4,450 4.0% 3.4% $1.49 $52 $2,700 $12,000,000 $224 $11,600 $52,000,000 18.8%
Professional and business 249,000 8.7% 7,960 3.2% 6.1% $1.57 $42 $2,200 $18,000,000 $185 $9,600 $77,000,000 18.6%
Education and health 508,000 17.7% 9,980 2.0% 7.7% $1.87 $61 $3,200 $31,000,000 $169 $8,800 $88,000,000 26.4%
Food or drink service 234,000 8.2% 49,720 21.3% 38.2% $2.66 $77 $4,000 $199,000,000 $138 $7,200 $358,000,000 35.7%
Other leisure and hospitality 83,000 2.9% 6,320 7.6% 4.9% $2.02 $52 $2,700 $17,000,000 $136 $7,100 $45,000,000 27.5%
Other industries 204,000 7.1% 13,560 6.6% 10.4% $2.47 $81 $4,200 $57,000,000 $156 $8,100 $110,000,000 34.2%
Occupation
Management 214,000 7.5% 3,720 1.7% 2.9% $2.27 $85 $4,400 $16,000,000 $174 $9,100 $34,000,000 32.8%
Professional 467,000 16.3% 4,180 0.9% 3.2% $2.96 $92 $4,800 $20,000,000 $162 $8,400 $35,000,000 36.3%
Service 541,000 18.9% 67,820 12.5% 52.1% $2.65 $79 $4,100 $278,000,000 $142 $7,400 $502,000,000 35.6%
Sales 378,000 13.2% 20,460 5.4% 15.7% $0.81 $28 $1,500 $30,000,000 $218 $11,400 $232,000,000 11.4%
Office and administrative support 364,000 12.7% 16,420 4.5% 12.6% $0.98 $29 $1,500 $25,000,000 $195 $10,200 $167,000,000 13.0%
Farming, forestry, and fishing  –  –
Construction and extraction 129,000 4.5% 2,300 1.8% 1.8% $2.42 $80 $4,100 $10,000,000 $176 $9,100 $21,000,000 31.2%
Installation, maintenance, and repairs 133,000 4.6% 1,090 0.8% 0.8% $0.88 $35 $1,800 $2,000,000 $243 $12,600 $14,000,000 12.5%
Production 390,000 13.6% 6,770 1.7% 5.2% $2.36 $95 $4,900 $34,000,000 $173 $9,000 $61,000,000 35.5%
Transportation 240,000 8.4% 7,130 3.0% 5.5% $1.59 $41 $2,100 $15,000,000 $198 $10,300 $74,000,000 17.0%
Worker status
Part time (<20 hours) 207,000 7.2% 21,160 10.2% 16.3% $1.66 $22 $1,100 $24,000,000 $84 $4,400 $92,000,000 20.7%
Mid time (20–34 hours) 531,000 18.6% 59,530 11.2% 45.7% $1.93 $49 $2,500 $151,000,000 $150 $7,800 $466,000,000 24.5%
Full time (35+ hours) 2,124,000 74.2% 49,500 2.3% 38.0% $2.36 $99 $5,100 $254,000,000 $228 $11,800 $586,000,000 30.2%
Education
Less than high school 197,000 6.9% 20,380 10.4% 15.7% $1.67 $55 $2,800 $58,000,000 $168 $8,800 $178,000,000 24.5%
High school 921,000 32.2% 39,770 4.3% 30.5% $2.05 $66 $3,400 $137,000,000 $177 $9,200 $366,000,000 27.2%
Some college 1,114,000 38.9% 57,810 5.2% 44.4% $2.07 $60 $3,100 $180,000,000 $162 $8,400 $487,000,000 27.0%
Bachelor’s degree or higher 630,000 22.0% 12,230 1.9% 9.4% $2.59 $85 $4,400 $54,000,000 $177 $9,200 $113,000,000 32.4%
Nativity & citizenship
U.S.-born 2,630,000 91.9% 116,560 4.4% 89.5% $2.04 $62 $3,200 $376,000,000 $167 $8,700 $1,010,000,000 27.1%
Foreign born 231,000 8.1% 13,630 5.9% 10.5% $2.11 $74 $3,900 $53,000,000 $188 $9,800 $134,000,000 28.3%
U.S.-born citizen 2,644,000 92.4% 117,380 4.4% 90.2% $2.04 $62 $3,200 $377,000,000 $166 $8,600 $1,013,000,000 27.1%
Naturalized U.S. citizen 104,000 3.6% 4,830 4.7% 3.7% $1.47 $47 $2,500 $12,000,000 $205 $10,700 $52,000,000 18.7%
Not a U.S. citizen 114,000 4.0% 7,980 7.0% 6.1% $2.57 $96 $5,000 $40,000,000 $191 $9,900 $79,000,000 33.5%

Note: Full-year annual wages are calculated by multiplying weekly wages by 52 weeks per year. Data are not shown where sample sizes are too small to provide reliable estimates. Numbers may not add due to rounding. Shares are computed based on unrounded numbers. “Low-wage earners” includes all minimum-wage-eligible workers in the bottom quintile of wage earners in the state.

Sample includes workers age 16 to 85 in Michigan.

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data, 2013–2015

View the underlying data on epi.org.