Union membership by race and gender, 1983–2015
| White men | White women | Black men | Black women | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | 26.2% | 16.0% | 35.1% | 26.6% |
| 1984 | 24.2% | 15.0% | 33.2% | 25.6% |
| 1985 | 23.3% | 14.3% | 30.7% | 23.8% |
| 1986 | 22.8% | 14.0% | 30.3% | 22.6% |
| 1987 | 22.3% | 13.7% | 28.3% | 22.3% |
| 1988 | 21.8% | 13.5% | 28.6% | 22.8% |
| 1989 | 21.3% | 13.4% | 27.2% | 22.3% |
| 1990 | 20.6% | 13.4% | 26.5% | 20.5% |
| 1991 | 20.5% | 13.5% | 26.5% | 20.4% |
| 1992 | 19.9% | 13.5% | 25.9% | 21.1% |
| 1993 | 19.8% | 13.9% | 25.3% | 21.0% |
| 1994 | 19.0% | 13.9% | 25.1% | 20.2% |
| 1995 | 18.5% | 13.2% | 24.5% | 19.5% |
| 1996 | 18.3% | 13.2% | 23.6% | 18.6% |
| 1997 | 18.1% | 12.6% | 21.5% | 18.0% |
| 1998 | 17.8% | 12.6% | 22.4% | 16.9% |
| 1999 | 17.6% | 12.7% | 22.1% | 15.9% |
| 2000 | 16.8% | 12.7% | 20.6% | 17.0% |
| 2001 | 16.8% | 12.9% | 20.4% | 16.6% |
| 2002 | 16.5% | 13.0% | 20.2% | 17.3% |
| 2003 | 15.9% | 12.6% | 19.9% | 16.5% |
| 2004 | 15.6% | 12.7% | 18.5% | 14.9% |
| 2005 | 15.2% | 12.5% | 17.3% | 15.7% |
| 2006 | 14.7% | 12.3% | 16.9% | 15.2% |
| 2007 | 14.7% | 12.7% | 16.7% | 14.0% |
| 2008 | 15.0% | 13.0% | 16.9% | 14.5% |
| 2009 | 15.0% | 13.2% | 17.0% | 13.9% |
| 2010 | 14.3% | 13.0% | 16.7% | 13.1% |
| 2011 | 14.2% | 13.0% | 16.2% | 13.8% |
| 2012 | 13.4% | 12.2% | 16.2% | 14.0% |
| 2013 | 13.5% | 12.3% | 16.3% | 14.1% |
| 2014 | 13.1% | 12.1% | 15.3% | 14.3% |
| 2015 | 12.9% | 12.2% | 15.8% | 14.1% |
Source: EPI analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey public data series
