Share of workers represented by a union ranges from 3.0% in South Carolina to 25.5% in Hawaii: Union density of the 50 U.S. states plus D.C., in descending order and grouped into high-, medium-, and low-union-density states
| High union density | Medium union density | Low union density | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HI | 25.5% | MD | 13.1% | CO | 8.1% |
| NY | 21.8% | MT | 12.8% | WI | 7.8% |
| WA | 18.5% | ME | 12.5% | ND | 7.1% |
| AK | 17.3% | KY | 10.9% | OK | 7.0% |
| CA | 16.9% | NH | 10.9% | WY | 6.9% |
| NJ | 16.9% | DC | 10.8% | TN | 6.2% |
| CT | 16.7% | KS | 10.3% | FL | 6.0% |
| OR | 16.5% | MO | 10.1% | ID | 5.7% |
| RI | 15.4% | WV | 10.0% | TX | 5.3% |
| VT | 14.9% | DE | 9.5% | AR | 5.3% |
| MI | 14.7% | NM | 9.5% | VA | 5.3% |
| MN | 14.7% | IN | 9.4% | AZ | 5.2% |
| MA | 14.3% | IA | 8.6% | LA | 5.1% |
| IL | 14.0% | NE | 8.5% | GA | 5.1% |
| OH | 13.6% | MS | 8.3% | SD | 4.0% |
| NV | 13.6% | UT | 8.3% | NC | 3.4% |
| PA | 13.4% | AL | 8.3% | SC | 3.0% |
Notes: Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are represented by a union, including union members and other workers who are covered by a union contract, based on the variable “union” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata.
Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are represented by a union, including union members and other workers who are covered by a union contract, based on the variable “union” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata. We average union density data across 2022 to 2024 for each state to give a more accurate estimate of states’ typical unionization rates over time.
Source: EPI analysis of 2022–2024 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-ORG) microdata for all workers ages 16 and older.