States with higher unionization rates are less likely to have universal voucher programs
| Union density | Share with universal voucher programs |
|---|---|
| Low | 47% |
| Medium | 35% |
| High | 6% |
Notes: Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are represented by a union, including union members and other workers who are covered by a union contract, based on the variable “union” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata.
Notes: Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are represented by a union, including union members and other workers who are covered by a union contract, based on the variable “union” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata. Low-union-density states are the 17 states with the lowest average union densities from 2022–2024 (with union densities ranging from 3% to 8%). Medium-union-density states are the 17 states (including D.C.) in the middle of the union-density rankings (with union densities ranging from 8.2% to 13.1%). High-union-density states are the 17 states with the highest average union densities from 2022–2024 (greater than 13.4%). Universal voucher programs are programs where all students are able to enroll, regardless of income or disability status.
Sources: EPI analysis of 2022–2024 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-ORG) microdata for all workers ages 16 and older; EdChoice, "What are School Vouchers." Accessed on July 30, 2025.