Chart: States that ban or limit collective bargaining rights for miscellaneous local government workers have fewer union members: Share of all local government workers represented by a union, by state 2019–2023

States that ban or limit collective bargaining rights for miscellaneous local government workers have fewer union members: Share of all local government workers represented by a union, by state 2019–2023

States	Union density
SC	7.6%
NC	10.5%
MS	12.2%
GA	17.1%
TN	19.5%
TX	21.0%
WI	30.5%
AR	10.5%
WY	15.1%
VA	18.0%
LA	18.7%
ID	20.9%
UT	21.8%
OK	24.2%
KS	25.3%
ND	25.4%
AL	25.5%
KY	26.0%
AZ	26.6%
CO	27.2%
NM	27.4%
IA	31.1%
WV	31.2%
IN	31.6%
MD	54.4%
SD	26.2%
MO	32.1%
FL	32.2%
DC	34.8%
DE	35.5%
NE	35.8%
AK	44.0%
MT	45.9%
VT	49.8%
NV	51.4%
MI	52.2%
OH	52.6%
ME	53.3%
NH	55.5%
WA	56.8%
IL	57.3%
PA	60.4%
MA	60.8%
CA	62.1%
OR	62.3%
MN	62.4%
NJ	65.7%
CT	67.6%
HI	68.5%
RI	71.4%
NY	72.4%

Notes: Data refer to full-time workers, ages 18–64 who are represented by a union. Collective bargaining rights are based on rights for miscellaneous local government workers. Teachers, police, and firefighters may have different rights. Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are represented by a union, including union members and other workers who are covered by a union contract.

Sources: Updated from Figure A in Morrissey and Sherer, Unions can Reduce the Public-Sector Pay Gap. Union density based on authors’ analysis of Economic Policy Institute. 2023. Current Population Survey Extracts, Version 1.0.47, https://microdata.epi.org, 2019–2023 pooled.

View the underlying data on epi.org.