Share of workers who are members of a union ranges from 2.5% in North Carolina to 25.1% in Hawaii: Union density of the 50 U.S. states plus D.C., in descending order and grouped into high-, medium-, and low-union-density states
| High union density | Medium union density | Low union density | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HI | 25.1% | MT | 11.6% | OK | 6.1% |
| NY | 20.8% | MD | 11.6% | ND | 5.7% |
| AK | 16.8% | ME | 11.4% | WY | 5.7% |
| WA | 16.8% | DC | 9.7% | MS | 5.5% |
| CT | 16.1% | DE | 9.2% | TN | 5.1% |
| NJ | 15.7% | MO | 9.2% | FL | 5.0% |
| OR | 15.1% | NH | 9.1% | VA | 4.9% |
| CA | 14.9% | KY | 8.8% | TX | 4.6% |
| RI | 14.2% | WV | 8.7% | ID | 4.5% |
| VT | 13.9% | IN | 8.4% | GA | 4.5% |
| MA | 13.9% | KS | 7.2% | LA | 4.2% |
| MN | 13.8% | NM | 7.0% | AZ | 4.0% |
| MI | 13.0% | NE | 6.9% | UT | 3.9% |
| IL | 13.0% | CO | 6.9% | AR | 3.8% |
| NV | 12.5% | IA | 6.8% | SD | 2.9% |
| OH | 12.1% | AL | 6.8% | SC | 2.6% |
| PA | 11.9% | WI | 6.8% | NC | 2.5% |
Notes: Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are members of a union based on the variable “unmem” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata.
Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are members of a union based on the variable “union” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata. We average union density data across 2023 to 2025 for each state to give a more accurate estimate of states’ typical unionization rates over time.
Source: EPI analysis of 2023–2025 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-ORG) microdata for all workers ages 16 and older.