Voter restriction bills are more likely to pass in low-union-density states than in high-union-density states: Number of high-, medium-, and low-union-density states that have passed restrictive voting laws, 2023–2025
| No voter restrictions | Voter restrictions | |
|---|---|---|
| Low | 3 | 14 |
| Medium | 8 | 9 |
| High | 14 | 3 |
Notes: Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are members of a union based on the variable “unmem” from EPI extracts of CPS-ORG microdata.
Sources: EPI analysis of 2023–2025 Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-ORG) microdata for all workers ages 16 and older; EPI analysis of Brennan Center for Justice analysis of voting rights laws.