Wrongful misclassification robs the social safety net of thousands of dollars per worker, per year: Summary of range of losses to social insurance of independent contractors status, by representative occupations, 2023 dollars
| State | Construction Laborers | Construction Laborers | Customer Service Representatives | Customer Service Representatives | Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | Home Health and Personal Care Aides | Home Health and Personal Care Aides | Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers | Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers | Light Truck Drivers | Light Truck Drivers | Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Manicurists and Pedicurists | Manicurists and Pedicurists | Retail Salespersons | Retail Salespersons | Security Guards | Security Guards |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $1,728 | -26.0% | $1,098 | -20.5% | $2,282 | -23.1% | $786 | -19.9% | $943 | -20.5% | $1,239 | -20.5% | $1,883 | -23.1% | $932 | -20.5% | $714 | -15.2% | $887 | -17.9% | $1,004 | -20.5% |
| Alaska | $3,122 | -30.5% | $1,737 | -25.2% | $3,196 | -28.1% | $1,596 | -24.9% | $1,687 | -25.2% | $2,083 | -25.2% | $2,754 | -28.1% | $1,503 | -25.2% | $1,543 | -20.4% | $1,485 | -22.7% | $2,184 | -25.2% |
| Arizona | $2,456 | -28.2% | $1,551 | -22.8% | $2,229 | -25.5% | $1,381 | -22.4% | $1,306 | -22.8% | $1,513 | -22.8% | $2,303 | -25.5% | $1,408 | -22.8% | $1,054 | -17.8% | $1,243 | -20.4% | $1,467 | -22.8% |
| Arkansas | $1,625 | -24.9% | $1,128 | -19.3% | $1,895 | -22.1% | $879 | -18.9% | $906 | -19.3% | $1,165 | -19.3% | $1,746 | -22.1% | $957 | -19.3% | $641 | -14.1% | $825 | -16.7% | $1,165 | -19.3% |
| California | $3,425 | -30.5% | $2,040 | -25.2% | $2,998 | -28.1% | $1,654 | -24.9% | $1,670 | -25.2% | $1,807 | -25.2% | $2,408 | -28.1% | $1,771 | -25.2% | $1,206 | -20.4% | $1,485 | -22.7% | $1,788 | -25.2% |
| Colorado | $2,512 | -28.2% | $1,692 | -22.8% | $2,680 | -25.5% | $1,465 | -22.8% | $1,821 | -22.8% | $2,148 | -25.5% | $1,556 | -22.8% | $1,743 | -17.8% | $1,294 | -20.4% | $1,624 | -22.8% | ||
| Connecticut | $2,543 | -28.1% | $1,450 | -22.2% | $2,470 | -25.3% | $1,388 | -21.8% | $1,305 | -22.2% | $1,731 | -22.2% | $2,073 | -25.3% | $1,461 | -22.2% | $818 | -16.7% | $1,121 | -19.0% | $1,402 | -22.2% |
| Delaware | $2,291 | -26.1% | $1,325 | -20.7% | $2,311 | -23.7% | $1,168 | -20.5% | $1,120 | -20.7% | $1,326 | -20.7% | $1,952 | -23.7% | $1,082 | -20.7% | $735 | -16.0% | $983 | -18.3% | $1,113 | -20.7% |
| Washington D.C. | $2,265 | -26.1% | $1,804 | -20.7% | $2,510 | -23.7% | $1,251 | -20.5% | $1,351 | -20.7% | $1,646 | -20.7% | $1,354 | -20.7% | $875 | -16.0% | $1,165 | -18.3% | $1,836 | -20.7% | ||
| Florida | $1,847 | -26.1% | $1,342 | -20.7% | $2,256 | -23.7% | $1,093 | -20.5% | $1,024 | -20.7% | $1,278 | -20.7% | $1,798 | -23.7% | $1,095 | -20.7% | $875 | -16.0% | $965 | -18.3% | $1,120 | -20.7% |
| Georgia | $1,810 | -26.1% | $1,255 | -20.7% | $2,444 | -23.7% | $1,017 | -20.5% | $1,040 | -20.7% | $1,305 | -20.7% | $1,897 | -23.7% | $1,056 | -20.7% | $707 | -16.0% | $906 | -18.3% | $1,213 | -20.7% |
| Hawaii | $3,713 | -30.5% | $1,694 | -25.2% | $2,874 | -28.1% | $1,570 | -24.9% | $1,589 | -25.2% | $1,749 | -25.2% | $1,813 | -25.2% | $871 | -20.4% | $1,452 | -22.7% | $1,733 | -25.2% | ||
| Idaho | $2,311 | -28.2% | $1,456 | -22.8% | $2,453 | -25.5% | $1,213 | -22.4% | $1,393 | -22.8% | $1,618 | -22.8% | $2,240 | -25.5% | $1,183 | -22.8% | $1,073 | -17.8% | $1,138 | -20.4% | $1,357 | -22.8% |
| Illinois | $3,257 | -28.0% | $1,492 | -22.4% | $2,664 | -25.3% | $1,327 | -22.0% | $1,385 | -22.4% | $1,770 | -22.4% | $2,493 | -25.3% | $1,513 | -22.4% | $1,063 | -17.1% | $1,157 | -19.5% | $1,432 | -22.4% |
| Indiana | $2,529 | -28.0% | $1,356 | -22.4% | $2,611 | -25.3% | $1,188 | -22.0% | $1,217 | -22.4% | $1,459 | -22.4% | $2,059 | -25.3% | $1,224 | -22.4% | $778 | -17.1% | $1,018 | -19.5% | $1,466 | -22.4% |
| Iowa | $2,477 | -28.4% | $1,462 | -22.9% | $2,348 | -25.7% | $1,325 | -22.4% | $1,200 | -22.9% | $1,550 | -22.9% | $2,191 | -25.7% | $1,649 | -22.9% | $994 | -17.6% | $1,059 | -20.1% | $1,452 | -22.9% |
| Kansas | $2,114 | -28.4% | $1,464 | -22.9% | $2,705 | -25.7% | $1,367 | -22.4% | $1,144 | -22.9% | $1,568 | -22.9% | $2,118 | -25.7% | $1,272 | -22.9% | $838 | -17.6% | $1,086 | -20.1% | $1,281 | -22.9% |
| Kentucky | $2,021 | -26.0% | $1,212 | -20.5% | $2,212 | -23.1% | $1,016 | -19.9% | $1,044 | -20.5% | $1,281 | -20.5% | $1,944 | -23.1% | $962 | -20.5% | $882 | -15.2% | $905 | -17.9% | $1,087 | -20.5% |
| Louisiana | $1,817 | -24.9% | $1,154 | -19.3% | $1,822 | -22.1% | $753 | -18.9% | $778 | -19.3% | $990 | -19.3% | $1,746 | -22.1% | $787 | -19.3% | $610 | -14.1% | $799 | -16.7% | $956 | -19.3% |
| Maine | $2,233 | -28.1% | $1,368 | -22.2% | $2,140 | -25.3% | $1,334 | -21.8% | $1,393 | -22.2% | $1,745 | -22.2% | $2,163 | -25.3% | $1,392 | -22.2% | $1,926 | -16.7% | $1,144 | -19.0% | $1,488 | -22.2% |
| Maryland | $2,230 | -26.1% | $1,419 | -20.7% | $2,340 | -23.7% | $1,241 | -20.5% | $1,274 | -20.7% | $1,386 | -20.7% | $2,033 | -23.7% | $1,092 | -20.7% | $927 | -16.0% | $1,045 | -18.3% | $1,386 | -20.7% |
| Massachusetts | $3,220 | -28.1% | $1,714 | -22.2% | $2,533 | -25.3% | $1,415 | -21.8% | $1,386 | -22.2% | $1,792 | -22.2% | $2,206 | -25.3% | $1,430 | -22.2% | $913 | -16.7% | $1,159 | -19.0% | $1,538 | -22.2% |
| Michigan | $2,455 | -28.0% | $1,450 | -22.4% | $2,297 | -25.3% | $1,250 | -22.0% | $1,236 | -22.4% | $1,463 | -22.4% | $2,089 | -25.3% | $1,342 | -22.4% | $915 | -17.1% | $1,074 | -19.5% | $1,376 | -22.4% |
| Minnesota | $3,029 | -28.4% | $1,616 | -22.9% | $2,756 | -25.7% | $1,430 | -22.4% | $1,504 | -22.9% | $1,862 | -22.9% | $2,240 | -25.7% | $1,481 | -22.9% | $1,061 | -17.6% | $1,235 | -20.1% | $1,734 | -22.9% |
| Mississippi | $1,712 | -26.0% | $1,158 | -20.5% | $2,317 | -23.1% | $867 | -19.9% | $813 | -20.5% | $1,093 | -20.5% | $1,857 | -23.1% | $822 | -20.5% | $876 | -15.2% | $853 | -17.9% | $974 | -20.5% |
| Missouri | $2,623 | -28.4% | $1,466 | -22.9% | $2,417 | -25.7% | $1,336 | -22.4% | $1,197 | -22.9% | $1,486 | -22.9% | $2,078 | -25.7% | $1,241 | -22.9% | $989 | -17.6% | $1,079 | -20.1% | $1,531 | -22.9% |
| Montana | $2,542 | -28.2% | $1,393 | -22.8% | $2,719 | -25.5% | $1,290 | -22.4% | $1,484 | -22.8% | $1,621 | -22.8% | $2,299 | -25.5% | $1,823 | -22.8% | $790 | -17.8% | $1,209 | -20.4% | $1,396 | -22.8% |
| Nebraska | $2,379 | -28.4% | $1,433 | -22.9% | $2,760 | -25.7% | $1,326 | -22.4% | $1,196 | -22.9% | $1,574 | -22.9% | $2,139 | -25.7% | $1,146 | -22.9% | $1,055 | -20.1% | $1,471 | -22.9% | ||
| Nevada | $2,538 | -28.2% | $1,512 | -22.8% | $2,669 | -25.5% | $1,182 | -22.4% | $1,174 | -22.8% | $1,488 | -22.8% | $2,083 | -25.5% | $1,322 | -22.8% | $1,037 | -17.8% | $1,173 | -20.4% | $1,460 | -22.8% |
| New Hampshire | $2,332 | -28.1% | $1,428 | -22.2% | $2,542 | -25.3% | $1,359 | -21.8% | $1,380 | -22.2% | $1,673 | -22.2% | $2,005 | -25.3% | $1,232 | -22.2% | $799 | -16.7% | $1,122 | -19.0% | $1,713 | -22.2% |
| New Jersey | $3,284 | -28.5% | $1,717 | -23.3% | $2,964 | -26.3% | $1,518 | -23.2% | $1,449 | -23.3% | $1,801 | -23.3% | $2,134 | -26.3% | $1,496 | -23.3% | $985 | -18.8% | $1,271 | -20.8% | $1,538 | -23.3% |
| New Mexico | $2,004 | -28.2% | $1,498 | -22.8% | $2,129 | -25.5% | $1,145 | -22.4% | $1,171 | -22.8% | $1,493 | -22.8% | $2,076 | -25.5% | $1,191 | -22.8% | $1,363 | -17.8% | $1,090 | -20.4% | $1,296 | -22.8% |
| New York | $3,073 | -28.5% | $1,762 | -23.3% | $2,704 | -26.3% | $1,461 | -23.2% | $1,511 | -23.3% | $1,617 | -23.3% | $2,146 | -26.3% | $1,596 | -23.3% | $1,059 | -18.8% | $1,325 | -20.8% | $1,573 | -23.3% |
| North Carolina | $1,846 | -26.1% | $1,267 | -20.7% | $2,151 | -23.7% | $1,037 | -20.5% | $1,008 | -20.7% | $1,293 | -20.7% | $1,867 | -23.7% | $993 | -20.7% | $773 | -16.0% | $938 | -18.3% | $1,103 | -20.7% |
| North Dakota | $2,501 | -28.4% | $1,257 | -22.9% | $2,797 | -25.7% | $1,515 | -22.4% | $1,429 | -22.9% | $1,813 | -22.9% | $2,223 | -25.7% | $1,455 | -22.9% | $1,213 | -20.1% | $1,470 | -22.9% | ||
| Ohio | $2,581 | -28.0% | $1,427 | -22.4% | $2,496 | -25.3% | $1,172 | -22.0% | $1,170 | -22.4% | $1,423 | -22.4% | $2,013 | -25.3% | $1,159 | -22.4% | $1,022 | -17.1% | $1,022 | -19.5% | $1,195 | -22.4% |
| Oklahoma | $1,703 | -24.9% | $1,219 | -19.3% | $1,980 | -22.1% | $795 | -18.9% | $966 | -19.3% | $1,189 | -19.3% | $1,777 | -22.1% | $884 | -19.3% | $609 | -14.1% | $820 | -16.7% | $924 | -19.3% |
| Oregon | $2,874 | -30.5% | $1,800 | -25.2% | $3,167 | -28.1% | $1,703 | -24.9% | $1,652 | -25.2% | $2,004 | -25.2% | $2,409 | -28.1% | $1,759 | -25.2% | $1,210 | -20.4% | $1,439 | -22.7% | $1,777 | -25.2% |
| Pennsylvania | $2,589 | -28.5% | $1,466 | -23.3% | $2,739 | -26.3% | $1,435 | -23.2% | $1,290 | -23.3% | $1,542 | -23.3% | $2,158 | -26.3% | $1,259 | -23.3% | $862 | -18.8% | $1,106 | -20.8% | $1,484 | -23.3% |
| Rhode Island | $2,848 | -28.1% | $1,423 | -22.2% | $2,618 | -25.3% | $1,421 | -21.8% | $1,350 | -22.2% | $1,697 | -22.2% | $2,156 | -25.3% | $1,480 | -22.2% | $980 | -16.7% | $1,112 | -19.0% | $1,461 | -22.2% |
| South Carolina | $1,829 | -26.1% | $1,276 | -20.7% | $2,229 | -23.7% | $1,034 | -20.5% | $996 | -20.7% | $1,292 | -20.7% | $1,842 | -23.7% | $1,079 | -20.7% | $725 | -16.0% | $907 | -18.3% | $1,118 | -20.7% |
| South Dakota | $2,113 | -28.4% | $1,337 | -22.9% | $2,787 | -25.7% | $1,398 | -22.4% | $1,249 | -22.9% | $1,446 | -22.9% | $2,210 | -25.7% | $1,823 | -22.9% | $1,149 | -17.6% | $1,170 | -20.1% | $1,450 | -22.9% |
| Tennessee | $1,913 | -26.0% | $1,276 | -20.5% | $2,340 | -23.1% | $1,020 | -19.9% | $1,037 | -20.5% | $1,341 | -20.5% | $1,948 | -23.1% | $1,185 | -20.5% | $705 | -15.2% | $917 | -17.9% | $1,114 | -20.5% |
| Texas | $1,673 | -24.9% | $1,214 | -19.3% | $2,024 | -22.1% | $877 | -18.9% | $943 | -19.3% | $1,179 | -19.3% | $1,811 | -22.1% | $1,015 | -19.3% | $788 | -14.1% | $837 | -16.7% | $984 | -19.3% |
| Utah | $2,481 | -28.2% | $1,536 | -22.8% | $2,694 | -25.5% | $1,385 | -22.4% | $1,208 | -22.8% | $1,603 | -22.8% | $2,006 | -25.5% | $1,501 | -22.8% | $893 | -17.8% | $1,192 | -20.4% | $1,537 | -22.8% |
| Vermont | $2,230 | -28.1% | $1,410 | -22.2% | $2,247 | -25.3% | $1,300 | -21.8% | $1,384 | -22.2% | $1,790 | -22.2% | $2,621 | -25.3% | $1,496 | -22.2% | $916 | -16.7% | $1,155 | -19.0% | $1,495 | -22.2% |
| Virginia | $1,808 | -26.1% | $1,285 | -20.7% | $2,332 | -23.7% | $1,174 | -20.5% | $1,076 | -20.7% | $1,371 | -20.7% | $1,994 | -23.7% | $1,177 | -20.7% | $951 | -16.0% | $984 | -18.3% | $1,380 | -20.7% |
| Washington | $3,248 | -30.5% | $1,943 | -25.2% | $3,095 | -28.1% | $1,806 | -24.9% | $1,713 | -25.2% | $2,122 | -25.2% | $2,618 | -28.1% | $1,816 | -25.2% | $1,623 | -20.4% | $1,523 | -22.7% | $2,069 | -25.2% |
| West Virginia | $1,814 | -26.1% | $1,233 | -20.7% | $1,943 | -23.7% | $1,011 | -20.5% | $969 | -20.7% | $1,047 | -20.7% | $1,889 | -23.7% | $906 | -20.7% | $992 | -16.0% | $876 | -18.3% | $997 | -20.7% |
| Wisconsin | $2,571 | -28.0% | $1,454 | -22.4% | $2,512 | -25.3% | $1,320 | -22.0% | $1,292 | -22.4% | $1,574 | -22.4% | $2,124 | -25.3% | $1,235 | -22.4% | $869 | -17.1% | $1,061 | -19.5% | $1,425 | -22.4% |
| Wyoming | $2,217 | -28.2% | $1,516 | -22.8% | $2,759 | -25.5% | $1,156 | -22.4% | $1,208 | -22.8% | $1,552 | -22.8% | $2,115 | -25.5% | $2,160 | -22.8% | $1,081 | -20.4% | $1,421 | -22.8% |
Source: EPI analysis of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Employer Cost for Employee Compensation (ECEC) 2024Q2 and Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Research Estimates by State and Industry May 2023 data.