Wrongful misclassification costs workers thousands of dollars per year: Summary of range of cost to workers of independent contractor status, by representative occupation and state, 2023 dollars
| State | Construction Laborers | Construction Laborers | Customer Service Representatives | Customer Service Representatives | Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | Home Health and Personal Care Aides | Home Health and Personal Care Aides | Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers | Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers | Light Truck Drivers | Light Truck Drivers | Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | Manicurists and Pedicurists | Manicurists and Pedicurists | Retail Salespersons | Retail Salespersons | Security Guards | Security Guards |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $12,242 | -31.7% | $8,696 | -27.6% | $21,146 | -34.1% | $6,816 | -28.9% | $7,510 | -27.8% | $9,771 | -27.5% | $17,498 | -34.2% | $7,426 | -27.8% | $8,323 | -28.1% | $7,153 | -24.8% | $7,974 | -27.7% |
| Alaska | $18,764 | -33.0% | $11,198 | -28.9% | $24,691 | -35.9% | $11,074 | -30.1% | $10,885 | -28.9% | $13,364 | -28.7% | $21,320 | -36.0% | $9,726 | -29.0% | $13,531 | -29.5% | $9,473 | -25.9% | $13,997 | -28.7% |
| Arizona | $15,249 | -31.2% | $10,523 | -27.2% | $18,008 | -34.0% | $10,135 | -28.4% | $8,909 | -27.4% | $10,273 | -27.3% | $18,598 | -34.0% | $9,581 | -27.3% | $10,077 | -28.0% | $8,431 | -24.5% | $9,971 | -27.3% |
| Arkansas | $12,251 | -31.9% | $9,657 | -27.7% | $18,684 | -34.3% | $8,187 | -28.9% | $7,816 | -27.9% | $9,968 | -27.7% | $17,237 | -34.4% | $8,238 | -27.9% | $8,231 | -28.4% | $7,323 | -24.9% | $9,963 | -27.7% |
| California | $20,554 | -32.9% | $13,094 | -28.7% | $23,181 | -36.0% | $11,463 | -30.1% | $10,776 | -28.9% | $11,633 | -28.8% | $18,683 | -36.1% | $11,408 | -28.8% | $10,644 | -29.7% | $9,473 | -25.9% | $11,518 | -28.8% |
| Colorado | $15,586 | -31.2% | $11,450 | -27.2% | $21,592 | -33.9% | $9,953 | -27.3% | $12,300 | -27.1% | $17,363 | -34.0% | $10,555 | -27.2% | $16,461 | -27.6% | $8,763 | -24.5% | $11,001 | -27.2% | ||
| Connecticut | $19,439 | -35.8% | $12,221 | -31.0% | $24,450 | -38.4% | $12,573 | -32.1% | $11,026 | -31.1% | $14,534 | -30.9% | $20,569 | -38.5% | $12,312 | -31.0% | $9,975 | -31.4% | $9,730 | -27.5% | $11,827 | -31.1% |
| Delaware | $15,951 | -31.4% | $10,335 | -27.6% | $20,915 | -34.3% | $9,831 | -28.9% | $8,783 | -27.8% | $10,346 | -27.6% | $17,712 | -34.4% | $8,497 | -27.8% | $8,285 | -28.7% | $7,827 | -25.0% | $8,729 | -27.8% |
| Florida | $12,920 | -31.5% | $10,466 | -27.6% | $20,431 | -34.3% | $9,217 | -29.0% | $8,057 | -27.8% | $9,982 | -27.6% | $16,345 | -34.4% | $8,595 | -27.8% | $9,811 | -28.5% | $7,690 | -25.0% | $8,786 | -27.8% |
| Georgia | $12,666 | -31.6% | $9,805 | -27.7% | $22,108 | -34.3% | $8,600 | -29.0% | $8,182 | -27.8% | $10,186 | -27.6% | $17,225 | -34.4% | $8,302 | -27.8% | $7,987 | -28.7% | $7,234 | -25.1% | $9,490 | -27.7% |
| Hawaii | $22,254 | -32.9% | $10,928 | -28.9% | $22,235 | -36.0% | $10,899 | -30.1% | $10,267 | -28.9% | $11,273 | -28.9% | $11,673 | -28.8% | $7,775 | -30.0% | $9,273 | -25.9% | $11,173 | -28.9% | ||
| Idaho | $14,368 | -31.3% | $9,899 | -27.3% | $19,785 | -34.0% | $8,939 | -28.5% | $9,479 | -27.3% | $10,964 | -27.2% | $18,092 | -34.0% | $8,097 | -27.5% | $10,252 | -27.9% | $7,745 | -24.6% | $9,245 | -27.4% |
| Illinois | $23,594 | -34.4% | $11,820 | -29.9% | $25,240 | -37.3% | $11,356 | -31.0% | $10,995 | -30.0% | $13,964 | -29.8% | $23,644 | -37.4% | $11,986 | -29.9% | $12,044 | -30.4% | $9,294 | -26.7% | $11,355 | -30.0% |
| Indiana | $18,392 | -34.6% | $10,772 | -30.0% | $24,747 | -37.4% | $10,194 | -31.1% | $9,697 | -30.1% | $11,569 | -29.9% | $19,577 | -37.5% | $9,754 | -30.1% | $8,902 | -30.7% | $8,213 | -26.9% | $11,617 | -29.9% |
| Iowa | $17,352 | -34.2% | $11,090 | -29.6% | $21,470 | -37.0% | $10,855 | -30.7% | $9,156 | -29.8% | $11,740 | -29.5% | $20,056 | -37.1% | $12,473 | -29.5% | $10,731 | -30.2% | $8,110 | -26.6% | $11,016 | -29.6% |
| Kansas | $14,854 | -34.3% | $11,102 | -29.6% | $24,689 | -36.9% | $11,191 | -30.7% | $8,748 | -29.8% | $11,874 | -29.5% | $19,399 | -37.1% | $9,693 | -29.7% | $9,089 | -30.3% | $8,306 | -26.5% | $9,752 | -29.7% |
| Kentucky | $14,263 | -31.6% | $9,565 | -27.5% | $20,504 | -34.2% | $8,718 | -28.6% | $8,278 | -27.6% | $10,089 | -27.5% | $18,058 | -34.2% | $7,657 | -27.7% | $10,203 | -27.9% | $7,289 | -24.8% | $8,612 | -27.6% |
| Louisiana | $13,664 | -31.8% | $9,878 | -27.7% | $17,972 | -34.3% | $7,061 | -29.1% | $6,761 | -28.1% | $8,519 | -27.8% | $17,241 | -34.4% | $6,835 | -28.1% | $7,852 | -28.4% | $7,105 | -25.0% | $8,230 | -27.9% |
| Maine | $17,108 | -35.9% | $11,552 | -31.1% | $21,225 | -38.5% | $12,095 | -32.1% | $11,755 | -31.1% | $14,646 | -30.9% | $21,452 | -38.5% | $11,743 | -31.1% | $23,085 | -30.9% | $9,920 | -27.5% | $12,537 | -31.0% |
| Maryland | $15,540 | -31.4% | $11,047 | -27.6% | $21,177 | -34.3% | $10,422 | -28.9% | $9,946 | -27.6% | $10,797 | -27.6% | $18,440 | -34.4% | $8,571 | -27.8% | $10,370 | -28.5% | $8,300 | -24.9% | $10,800 | -27.6% |
| Massachusetts | $24,530 | -35.7% | $14,393 | -30.9% | $25,066 | -38.4% | $12,811 | -32.1% | $11,699 | -31.1% | $15,031 | -30.9% | $21,863 | -38.5% | $12,059 | -31.1% | $11,102 | -31.3% | $10,048 | -27.5% | $12,944 | -31.0% |
| Michigan | $17,861 | -34.6% | $11,500 | -29.9% | $21,809 | -37.4% | $10,707 | -31.1% | $9,842 | -30.1% | $11,596 | -29.9% | $19,857 | -37.5% | $10,660 | -30.0% | $10,415 | -30.5% | $8,645 | -26.8% | $10,926 | -30.0% |
| Minnesota | $21,151 | -34.0% | $12,229 | -29.5% | $25,148 | -36.9% | $11,691 | -30.6% | $11,403 | -29.6% | $14,041 | -29.4% | $20,498 | -37.0% | $11,230 | -29.6% | $11,436 | -30.1% | $9,408 | -26.4% | $13,093 | -29.5% |
| Mississippi | $12,130 | -31.7% | $9,152 | -27.5% | $21,461 | -34.1% | $7,488 | -28.8% | $6,517 | -27.9% | $8,658 | -27.6% | $17,261 | -34.3% | $6,587 | -27.9% | $10,136 | -27.9% | $6,886 | -24.8% | $7,746 | -27.7% |
| Missouri | $18,352 | -34.1% | $11,117 | -29.6% | $22,094 | -37.0% | $10,945 | -30.7% | $9,135 | -29.8% | $11,269 | -29.6% | $19,035 | -37.1% | $9,457 | -29.7% | $10,675 | -30.2% | $8,256 | -26.5% | $11,597 | -29.5% |
| Montana | $15,772 | -31.2% | $9,479 | -27.3% | $21,900 | -33.9% | $9,488 | -28.4% | $10,082 | -27.3% | $10,982 | -27.2% | $18,565 | -34.0% | $12,311 | -27.1% | $7,627 | -28.2% | $8,208 | -24.6% | $9,498 | -27.3% |
| Nebraska | $16,678 | -34.2% | $10,876 | -29.6% | $25,181 | -36.9% | $10,864 | -30.7% | $9,129 | -29.8% | $11,919 | -29.5% | $19,589 | -37.1% | $8,760 | -29.8% | $8,082 | -26.6% | $11,159 | -29.6% | ||
| Nevada | $15,746 | -31.2% | $10,262 | -27.3% | $21,500 | -33.9% | $8,717 | -28.5% | $8,038 | -27.5% | $10,108 | -27.3% | $16,850 | -34.0% | $9,017 | -27.4% | $9,920 | -28.0% | $7,977 | -24.6% | $9,920 | -27.3% |
| New Hampshire | $17,851 | -35.8% | $12,043 | -31.1% | $25,152 | -38.4% | $12,319 | -32.1% | $11,643 | -31.1% | $14,052 | -30.9% | $19,905 | -38.6% | $10,429 | -31.2% | $9,758 | -31.4% | $9,738 | -27.5% | $14,380 | -30.9% |
| New Jersey | $22,442 | -33.6% | $12,643 | -29.5% | $26,253 | -37.1% | $12,022 | -30.9% | $10,721 | -29.6% | $13,250 | -29.4% | $18,990 | -37.2% | $11,060 | -29.6% | $10,126 | -30.8% | $9,383 | -26.6% | $11,357 | -29.5% |
| New Mexico | $12,496 | -31.4% | $10,173 | -27.3% | $17,216 | -34.0% | $8,455 | -28.6% | $8,022 | -27.5% | $10,141 | -27.3% | $16,791 | -34.0% | $8,154 | -27.5% | $12,943 | -27.8% | $7,432 | -24.7% | $8,842 | -27.4% |
| New York | $21,018 | -33.6% | $12,973 | -29.4% | $23,976 | -37.1% | $11,580 | -31.0% | $11,164 | -29.6% | $11,929 | -29.5% | $19,098 | -37.2% | $11,774 | -29.5% | $10,866 | -30.8% | $9,764 | -26.6% | $11,613 | -29.5% |
| North Carolina | $12,917 | -31.5% | $9,897 | -27.6% | $19,493 | -34.3% | $8,757 | -29.0% | $7,940 | -27.9% | $10,093 | -27.6% | $16,959 | -34.4% | $7,823 | -27.9% | $8,696 | -28.6% | $7,481 | -25.0% | $8,658 | -27.8% |
| North Dakota | $17,513 | -34.2% | $9,579 | -29.7% | $25,516 | -36.9% | $12,366 | -30.6% | $10,846 | -29.6% | $13,680 | -29.4% | $20,341 | -37.0% | $11,037 | -29.6% | $9,246 | -26.4% | $11,150 | -29.6% | ||
| Ohio | $18,759 | -34.5% | $11,315 | -30.0% | $23,673 | -37.4% | $10,065 | -31.2% | $9,334 | -30.1% | $11,285 | -30.0% | $19,147 | -37.5% | $9,250 | -30.1% | $11,598 | -30.4% | $8,245 | -26.8% | $9,528 | -30.1% |
| Oklahoma | $12,827 | -31.8% | $10,412 | -27.6% | $19,508 | -34.3% | $7,437 | -29.1% | $8,314 | -27.9% | $10,161 | -27.7% | $17,540 | -34.4% | $7,633 | -28.0% | $7,830 | -28.4% | $7,282 | -24.9% | $7,968 | -27.9% |
| Oregon | $17,297 | -33.0% | $11,593 | -28.8% | $24,474 | -35.9% | $11,795 | -30.1% | $10,664 | -28.9% | $12,869 | -28.8% | $18,687 | -36.1% | $11,337 | -28.8% | $10,677 | -29.7% | $9,192 | -25.9% | $11,449 | -28.8% |
| Pennsylvania | $17,755 | -33.7% | $10,843 | -29.6% | $24,282 | -37.1% | $11,376 | -31.0% | $9,575 | -29.7% | $11,390 | -29.5% | $19,201 | -37.2% | $9,355 | -29.7% | $8,902 | -31.0% | $8,205 | -26.8% | $10,974 | -29.6% |
| Rhode Island | $21,728 | -35.7% | $11,999 | -31.1% | $25,893 | -38.4% | $12,866 | -32.1% | $11,399 | -31.1% | $14,252 | -30.9% | $21,379 | -38.5% | $12,465 | -31.0% | $11,894 | -31.3% | $9,654 | -27.5% | $12,315 | -31.0% |
| South Carolina | $12,800 | -31.5% | $9,963 | -27.6% | $20,187 | -34.3% | $8,731 | -29.0% | $7,848 | -27.9% | $10,088 | -27.6% | $16,733 | -34.4% | $8,470 | -27.8% | $8,183 | -28.7% | $7,248 | -25.1% | $8,772 | -27.8% |
| South Dakota | $14,843 | -34.3% | $10,166 | -29.7% | $25,429 | -36.9% | $11,439 | -30.6% | $9,520 | -29.7% | $10,974 | -29.6% | $20,230 | -37.1% | $13,752 | -29.4% | $12,351 | -30.0% | $8,931 | -26.5% | $11,004 | -29.6% |
| Tennessee | $13,520 | -31.7% | $10,053 | -27.5% | $21,668 | -34.1% | $8,752 | -28.6% | $8,229 | -27.7% | $10,553 | -27.4% | $18,091 | -34.2% | $9,356 | -27.5% | $8,219 | -28.1% | $7,384 | -24.8% | $8,818 | -27.6% |
| Texas | $12,607 | -31.8% | $10,374 | -27.7% | $19,932 | -34.3% | $8,167 | -28.9% | $8,126 | -27.9% | $10,082 | -27.7% | $17,865 | -34.3% | $8,723 | -27.8% | $10,053 | -28.2% | $7,428 | -24.9% | $8,461 | -27.8% |
| Utah | $15,398 | -31.2% | $10,423 | -27.3% | $21,698 | -33.9% | $10,160 | -28.4% | $8,261 | -27.5% | $10,864 | -27.2% | $16,238 | -34.1% | $10,195 | -27.3% | $8,589 | -28.1% | $8,101 | -24.6% | $10,431 | -27.3% |
| Vermont | $17,081 | -35.9% | $11,896 | -31.1% | $22,265 | -38.5% | $11,795 | -32.1% | $11,683 | -31.1% | $15,019 | -30.9% | $25,923 | -38.4% | $12,600 | -31.0% | $11,134 | -31.3% | $10,015 | -27.5% | $12,591 | -31.0% |
| Virginia | $12,653 | -31.6% | $10,033 | -27.6% | $21,103 | -34.3% | $9,879 | -28.9% | $8,451 | -27.8% | $10,680 | -27.6% | $18,093 | -34.4% | $9,215 | -27.7% | $10,639 | -28.4% | $7,832 | -25.0% | $10,751 | -27.6% |
| Washington | $19,509 | -32.9% | $12,490 | -28.8% | $23,918 | -35.9% | $12,485 | -30.0% | $11,046 | -28.9% | $13,609 | -28.7% | $20,279 | -36.0% | $11,690 | -28.8% | $14,219 | -29.5% | $9,711 | -25.9% | $13,275 | -28.7% |
| Washington D.C. | $15,779 | -31.4% | $13,964 | -27.4% | $22,691 | -34.3% | $10,508 | -28.8% | $10,536 | -27.6% | $12,768 | -27.4% | $10,558 | -27.6% | $9,805 | -28.5% | $9,220 | -24.8% | $14,201 | -27.4% | ||
| West Virginia | $12,695 | -31.6% | $9,636 | -27.7% | $17,638 | -34.4% | $8,552 | -29.0% | $7,641 | -27.9% | $8,231 | -27.8% | $17,154 | -34.4% | $7,165 | -28.0% | $11,076 | -28.4% | $7,008 | -25.1% | $7,853 | -27.9% |
| Wisconsin | $18,688 | -34.5% | $11,530 | -29.9% | $23,823 | -37.4% | $11,296 | -31.0% | $10,280 | -30.0% | $12,457 | -29.9% | $20,192 | -37.5% | $9,839 | -30.1% | $9,901 | -30.6% | $8,545 | -26.8% | $11,303 | -30.0% |
| Wyoming | $13,793 | -31.3% | $10,289 | -27.3% | $22,215 | -33.9% | $8,534 | -28.6% | $8,264 | -27.5% | $10,525 | -27.2% | $17,103 | -34.0% | $14,529 | -27.0% | $7,375 | -24.7% | $9,665 | -27.3% |
Source: EPI analysis of data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Employer Cost for Employee Compensation 2024Q2 and Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics Research Estimates by State and Industry May 2023 data.