Women
| Year | All nonunion | High school diploma or less | Non–college graduate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 1980 | 0.01 | -3.03 | 0.42 |
| 1981 | 0.76 | -2.62 | -0.12 |
| 1982 | 1.58 | -1.83 | -1.23 |
| 1983 | 2.41 | -1.04 | -2.34 |
| 1984 | 1.63 | -4.84 | -1.40 |
| 1985 | 4.82 | -5.23 | 2.15 |
| 1986 | 7.20 | -0.64 | 6.08 |
| 1987 | 6.53 | -1.76 | 3.41 |
| 1988 | 8.69 | 1.02 | 3.85 |
| 1989 | 7.42 | -3.01 | 3.69 |
| 1990 | 9.53 | -3.86 | 3.99 |
| 1991 | 7.11 | -3.51 | 3.64 |
| 1992 | 9.99 | -2.24 | 7.19 |
| 1993 | 9.05 | -1.04 | 4.64 |
| 1994 | 10.66 | -1.79 | 5.67 |
| 1995 | 12.27 | -2.53 | 6.70 |
| 1996 | 12.58 | -1.97 | 4.02 |
| 1997 | 12.82 | -3.33 | 5.58 |
| 1998 | 15.98 | 1.65 | 9.34 |
| 1999 | 18.26 | 0.61 | 10.64 |
| 2000 | 20.14 | 2.44 | 12.99 |
| 2001 | 22.83 | 3.13 | 15.65 |
| 2002 | 25.96 | 6.14 | 13.85 |
| 2003 | 28.44 | 7.11 | 16.82 |
| 2004 | 25.31 | 5.60 | 16.51 |
| 2005 | 26.13 | 5.22 | 15.37 |
| 2006 | 24.49 | 2.85 | 14.18 |
| 2007 | 23.51 | 0.07 | 13.95 |
| 2008 | 28.12 | 1.21 | 14.15 |
| 2009 | 28.53 | 2.28 | 14.70 |
| 2010 | 27.38 | -0.09 | 12.69 |
| 2011 | 26.25 | 1.07 | 10.64 |
| 2012 | 24.35 | -3.44 | 9.65 |
| 2013 | 26.84 | -2.03 | 9.87 |
Notes: Sample restricted to nonunion full-time workers in the private sector ages 16 to 64. See the text and Methodological Appendix for further details on the analysis.
Source: Authors' analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data.