Men
| Year | All nonunion | High school diploma or less | Non–college graduate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 1980 | -6.62 | -3.80 | -3.83 |
| 1981 | -8.09 | -2.30 | -6.63 |
| 1982 | -9.07 | -5.21 | -7.13 |
| 1983 | -10.04 | -8.11 | -7.63 |
| 1984 | -8.65 | -6.54 | -5.79 |
| 1985 | -5.60 | -7.99 | -7.99 |
| 1986 | -5.15 | -5.15 | -6.66 |
| 1987 | -5.69 | -6.44 | -6.86 |
| 1988 | -5.29 | -9.20 | -8.80 |
| 1989 | -3.01 | -7.63 | -8.40 |
| 1990 | -7.70 | -10.72 | -10.27 |
| 1991 | -10.93 | -9.87 | -10.93 |
| 1992 | -13.11 | -12.07 | -13.11 |
| 1993 | -10.93 | -11.64 | -11.64 |
| 1994 | -8.68 | -9.41 | -10.77 |
| 1995 | -6.43 | -7.18 | -9.90 |
| 1996 | -7.11 | -10.59 | -12.16 |
| 1997 | -7.05 | -7.93 | -9.77 |
| 1998 | -4.71 | -9.25 | -6.83 |
| 1999 | -0.97 | -6.57 | -4.18 |
| 2000 | 0.82 | -7.46 | -3.58 |
| 2001 | 1.52 | -5.83 | -2.34 |
| 2002 | 3.17 | -5.23 | -3.86 |
| 2003 | 1.47 | -5.38 | -4.95 |
| 2004 | -1.16 | -5.87 | -4.82 |
| 2005 | -1.16 | -8.29 | -4.34 |
| 2006 | -1.27 | -8.17 | -5.06 |
| 2007 | -1.29 | -9.34 | -3.93 |
| 2008 | -1.68 | -9.80 | -6.82 |
| 2009 | -0.44 | -9.76 | -6.52 |
| 2010 | -3.44 | -12.07 | -8.50 |
| 2011 | -4.26 | -14.38 | -11.35 |
| 2012 | -2.44 | -11.28 | -9.67 |
| 2013 | -3.81 | -12.52 | -10.93 |
Notes: Sample restricted to nonunion, full-time workers in the private sector ages 16 to 64.
Source: Authors' analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data. See the Methodological Appendix for further details.