U.S. capital investments in steel rise sharply following Sec. 232 measures: Real capital expenditures, 2001–2019
| Equipment | Structures | |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 | $1,696 | $507 |
| 2002 | $1,301 | $234 |
| 2003 | $1,657 | $454 |
| 2004 | $1,766 | $311 |
| 2005 | $1,881 | $592 |
| 2006 | $2,285 | $713 |
| 2007 | $2,859 | $686 |
| 2008 | $3,595 | $708 |
| 2009 | $4,700 | $782 |
| 2010 | $4,560 | $1,324 |
| 2011 | $4,502 | $1,646 |
| 2012 | $3,497 | $1,867 |
| 2013 | $5,857 | $1,347 |
| 2014 | $3,094 | $795 |
| 2015 | $3,236 | $664 |
| 2016 | $2,180 | $578 |
| 2017 | $2,106 | $987 |
| 2018 | $3,197 | $1,851 |
| 2019 | $3,822 | $2,028 |
Sources: U.S Census Bureau 2020a; Bureau of Economic Analysis 2021.