Job-related benefits by work arrangements, 2005 and 2017: Share of workers with each benefit, by age group and work arrangement
| Standard work arrangements | Nonstandard work arrangements | Contingent workers | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent contractors | On-call workers | |||||||
| 2005 | 2017 | 2005 | 2017 | 2005 | 2017 | 2005 | 2017 | |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| All (ages 16+) | 80.0% | 84.0% | 69.4% | 75.4% | 66.9% | 77.0% | 59.1% | 73.4% |
| Ages 55–64 | 87.1% | 89.2% | 77.0% | 81.3% | 75.6% | 84.1% | 71.0% | 79.8% |
| Ages 65+ | 87.4% | 90.4% | 88.4% | 90.4% | 96.1% | 85.3% | 87.4% | 85.2% |
| Retirement plan | ||||||||
| All (ages 16+) | 47.7% | 46.3% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 27.8% | 30.1% | 12.4% | 18.4% |
| Ages 55–64 | 56.4% | 53.4% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 33.6% | 38.2% | 22.8% | 34.8% |
| Ages 65+ | 28.5% | 35.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 32.6% | 24.6% | 17.8% | 24.0% |
| Unionization rate | ||||||||
| All (ages 16+) | 10.7% | 12.1% | 2.7% | 3.2% | 16.4% | 12.2% | 9.6% | 9.2% |
| Ages 55–64 | 16.2% | 14.1% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 18.8% | 24.9% | 12.0% | 13.5% |
| Ages 65+ | 7.3% | 10.6% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 16.4% | 9.2% | 10.3% | 5.5% |
Notes: Health insurance refers to insurance from any source. Retirement plan refers to participation in an employer-sponsored plan.
Source: CEPR analysis of Contingent Worker Supplement to Current Population Survey microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau