Change in marginal probability of having a nonstandard work arrangement, workers ages 25+, 2005 and 2017

2005 2017
Independent contractors On-call workers Temp agency workers Contract company workers Day laborers Contingent workers Independent contractors On-call workers Temp agency workers Contract company workers Day laborers Contingent workers
By gender
Female -0.040*** 0.004* 0.003** -0.004*** -0.001 0.006** -0.033*** 0.001 0.001 -0.004*** -0.001 0.002
(0.003) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.003) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002)
By age (ages 25–54 as reference)
55–64 0.032*** -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.003 0.027*** 0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 -0.004
(0.005) (0.002) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.003) (0.004) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.002)
65+ 0.102*** 0.022*** -0.001 -0.002 0.000 0.022*** 0.094*** 0.026*** 0.005 0.006** 0.003 0.007
(0.010) (0.005) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.007) (0.007) (0.005) (0.002) (0.002) (0.004) (0.004)
By education level (HS as reference)
LTHS -0.006 0.006 0.005* 0.003 0.003* 0.012** 0.025*** -0.007 -0.002 -0.002 0.002 0.016**
(0.007) (0.004) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.005) (0.008) (0.004) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.005)
Some college 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.002 -0.001 -0.001 0.004 -0.006 -0.004** -0.000 -0.000 -0.004
(0.004) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.003) (0.004) (0.004) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.002)
College 0.009 0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.002** 0.007* 0.006 -0.009* -0.005** 0.001 0.000 0.003
(0.005) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001 (0.001) (0.003) (0.004) (0.004) (0.002) (0.001) – (0.003)
Advanced degree 0.010 -0.004 -0.006*** 0.003 -0.002* 0.012** -0.003 -0.010* -0.007*** -0.000 0.000 0.012***
(0.005) (0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.004) (0.004) (0.005) (0.002) (0.001) – (0.003)
By race/ethnicity (white as reference)
Black -0.040*** -0.004 0.013*** 0.002 0.001 0.016** -0.026*** -0.001 0.015*** 0.003 0.001 0.009*
(0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.001) (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) (0.001) (0.004)
Hispanic -0.028*** 0.000 0.003 -0.003* 0.003 0.008* -0.031*** -0.001 0.008*** 0.006* 0.004* 0.011**
(0.006) (0.003) (0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.004) (0.005) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.004)
Asian -0.019* -0.009** 0.004 -0.001 0.000 0.000 -0.043*** -0.005 0.007* 0.016*** 0.002 0.002
(0.009) (0.003) (0.003) (0.002) – (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.004) (0.002) (0.004)
Other -0.006 0.009 0.005 -0.001 0.000 0.015 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.009 0.000 0.014
(0.015) (0.008) (0.006) (0.003) – (0.011) (0.017) (0.008) (0.006) (0.007) – (0.011)
By immigrant status (U.S.-born as reference)
Immigrant -0.012 0.003 0.003 0.004* 0.003** 0.022*** 0.019*** 0.005* 0.002 -0.004* 0.001 0.012***
(0.007) (0.003) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.004) (0.005) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) (0.003)
N 38,891 38,891 38,891 37,259 25,991 38,891 43,056 43,056 43,056 42,168 9,047 43,056
Economic Policy Institute

*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

Notes: “N” is the number of workers in the sample. Robust standard errors in parentheses. The coefficients are estimated marginal effects from a probit model. All models control for education, race, immigrant status, and state. LTHS is “less than high school” and HS is “high school.”

Source: CEPR analysis of Contingent Worker Supplement to Current Population Survey microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau

View the underlying data on epi.org.