Reading and math skills gaps between high-social class and low-social class children at the beginning of kindergarten in 1998 and change in gaps by the beginning of kindergarten in 2010, using scale and theta scores as dependent variables
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | Model 4 (fully adjusted) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample | Restricted sample | ||||||||
| Scale scores | Theta scores | Scale scores | Theta scores | ||||||
| Reading | Math | Reading | Math | Reading | Math | Reading | Math | ||
| By SES | Gap in 1998 | 1.071*** | 1.258*** | 1.233*** | 1.330*** | 0.596*** | 0.610*** | 0.684*** | 0.632*** |
| (0.024) | (0.022) | (0.024) | (0.022) | (0.031) | (0.031) | (0.032) | (0.031) | ||
| Change in gap by 2010 | 0.098*** | -0.008 | -0.052 | -0.078** | 0.080 | 0.051 | -0.016 | -0.002 | |
| (0.033) | (0.032) | (0.033) | (0.032) | (0.052) | (0.048) | (0.054) | (0.050) | ||
| By mother’s education | Gap in 1998 | 1.294*** | 1.457*** | 1.412*** | 1.502*** | 0.696*** | 0.681*** | 0.739*** | 0.685*** |
| (0.038) | (0.036) | (0.038) | (0.035) | (0.058) | (0.050) | (0.048) | (0.044) | ||
| Change in gap by 2010 | -0.020 | -0.154*** | -0.135*** | -0.218*** | -0.075 | -0.119* | -0.135* | -0.182*** | |
| (0.051) | (0.049) | (0.051) | (0.048) | (0.082) | (0.070) | (0.075) | (0.067) | ||
| By number of books | Gap in 1998 | 0.736*** | 0.966*** | 0.847*** | 1.032*** | 0.347*** | 0.424*** | 0.388*** | 0.438*** |
| (0.028) | (0.027) | (0.028) | (0.026) | (0.034) | (0.031) | (0.033) | (0.031) | ||
| Change in gap by 2010 | 0.083** | -0.019 | -0.015 | -0.088** | -0.540*** | -0.818*** | -0.594*** | -0.829*** | |
| (0.039) | (0.038) | (0.039) | (0.038) | (0.184) | (0.188) | (0.181) | (0.174) | ||
| By household income | Gap in 1998 | 1.090*** | 1.308*** | 1.214*** | 1.320*** | 0.384*** | 0.443*** | 0.429*** | 0.439*** |
| (0.042) | (0.041) | (0.042) | (0.041) | (0.058) | (0.060) | (0.049) | (0.050) | ||
| Change in gap by 2010 | -0.127** | -0.230*** | -0.247*** | -0.292*** | -0.006 | -0.060 | -0.058 | -0.099 | |
| (0.060) | (0.059) | (0.060) | (0.059) | (0.084) | (0.082) | (0.076) | (0.072) | ||
Notes: Standard errors are in parentheses. Asterisks denote statistical significance: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.
Source: ECLS-K, kindergarten classes of 1998-1999 and 2010–2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)