Fully adjusted cognitive and noncognitive skills gaps between high-SES and low-SES children at the beginning of kindergarten in 1998 and change in gaps by the beginning of kindergarten in 2010
| Gap between high-SES (fifth) and low-SES (first) quintiles in 1998 | Change in gap from 1998 to 2010 | |
|---|---|---|
| Reading | 0.60 | 0.08 |
| Math | 0.61 | 0.05 |
| Self-control (by teachers) | 0.18 | 0.09 |
| Approaches to learning (by teachers) | 0.44 | -0.04 |
| Self-control (by parents) | 0.29 | 0.00 |
| Approaches to learning (by parents) | 0.13 | 0.11 |
Note: SES refers to socioeconomic status. The gaps are standard deviation scores for high-SES children relative to low-SES children after adjusting for all family and child characteristics, pre-K schooling, and enrichment activities with parents, and parental expectations for children’s educational attainment. The gap in 2010 equals the gap in 1998 plus the change in the gap from 1998 to 2010. For statistical significance of these numbers, see Tables 3 and 4, Model 4.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, kindergarten classes of 1998–1999 and 2010–2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)