Missing data
| 1998 | 2010 | |
|---|---|---|
| Variable | Percent missing | Percent missing |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Black | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Hispanic | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Hispanic English language learner (ELL) | 6.6 | 11.8 |
| Hispanic English speaker | 6.6 | 11.8 |
| Asian | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Others | 0.2 | 0.5 |
| Socioeconomic status | 5.9 | 11.9 |
| Family composition: Not living with two parents | 15.5 | 26.3 |
| Mother’s education | 7.5 | 42.8 |
| Pre-K care, center-based | 16.8 | 17.4 |
| “Literacy/reading activities” index | 15.6 | 26.4 |
| “Other activities” index | 15.6 | 26.5 |
| Parents’ expectations for children’s educational attainment | 16.1 | 26.5 |
| Number of books | 16.3 | 26.7 |
| Outcomes | ||
| Reading | 17.7 | 13.8 |
| Math | 13.0 | 14.2 |
| Self-control (by teachers) | 13.8 | 25.4 |
| Approaches to learning (by teachers) | 10.4 | 18.7 |
| Self-control (by parents) | 15.8 | 27.3 |
| Approaches to learning (by parents) | 15.8 | 27.3 |
Note: For detailed information about the construction of these variables, see Appendix Table A1.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, kindergarten classes of 1998–1999 and 2010–2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)