Economic multipliers of various policy options
| Policy | Multiplier |
|---|---|
| Estate and gift tax increase | 0.00 |
| Upper-income tax rate increase | 0.25 |
| Corporate tax rate increase | 0.32 |
| Middle-income tax rate increase | 0.35 |
| Capital gains and dividends tax rate increase | 0.39 |
| Low-income tax rate increase | 0.69 |
| Payroll tax increase | 1.25 |
| Sequestration | 1.40 |
| Discretionary budget cut | 1.40 |
| Unemployment insurance cut | 1.52 |
| Food assistance (SNAP) cut | 1.70 |
Source: Zandi (2011), Bivens and Fieldhouse (2012)