Executive function at the beginning of kindergarten, by race and ethnicity (Hispanic ELL and English), under unadjusted to fully adjusted models
| Cognitive flexibility | Working memory | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1R | M2R | M3R | M1R | M2R | M3R | |
| Black | -0.265*** (0.057) |
-0.233*** (0.057) |
-0.240*** (0.057) |
-0.373*** (0.052) |
-0.285*** (0.051) |
-0.291*** (0.048) |
| Hispanic ELL | -0.383*** (0.062) |
-0.283*** (0.064) |
-0.077 (0.094) |
-0.570*** (0.051) |
-0.349*** (0.053) |
-0.361*** (0.086) |
| Hispanic English | -0.114*** (0.040) |
-0.086** (0.039) |
-0.079** (0.039) |
-0.217*** (0.040) |
-0.147*** (0.040) |
-0.167*** (0.038) |
| Asian | -0.132*** (0.049) |
-0.134*** (0.049) |
-0.038 (0.060) |
-0.003 (0.063) |
-0.009 (0.062) |
-0.015 (0.067) |
| Other | -0.102** (0.044) |
-0.089** (0.043) |
-0.090** (0.044) |
0.008 (0.051) |
0.047 (0.051) |
0.047 (0.050) |
| Controlling for SES | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Controlling for other variables | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Observations | 10,220 | 10,220 | 10,220 | 9,570 | 9,570 | 9,570 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.0809 | 0.0860 | 0.0974 | 0.149 | 0.176 | 0.255 |
Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A, Figure E2, and Table F2.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)