Principal noncognitive skills at the beginning of kindergarten, as reported by teachers, by SES quintile, under unadjusted to fully adjusted models
| Self-control | Approaches to learning | Internalizing problems | Externalizing problems | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1S | M2S | M3S | M1S | M2S | M3S | M1S | M2S | M3S | M1S | M2S | M3S | |
| Low-middle SES | 0.085* (0.045) |
0.110** (0.047) |
0.073 (0.045) |
0.148*** (0.040) |
0.172*** (0.042) | 0.132*** (0.040) | -0.046 (0.045) | -0.073 (0.045) | -0.043 (0.045) | -0.000 (0.046) | -0.030 (0.048) | 0.016 (0.046) |
| Middle SES | 0.201*** (0.047) | 0.228*** (0.048) |
0.162*** (0.047) |
0.278*** (0.043) | 0.305*** (0.044) | 0.230*** (0.043) | -0.127*** (0.045) | -0.162*** (0.046) | -0.110** (0.046) | -0.111** (0.050) | -0.147*** (0.052) | -0.066 (0.050) |
| High-middle SES | 0.352*** (0.047) | 0.375*** (0.050) | 0.286*** (0.048) | 0.512*** (0.043) | 0.531*** (0.045) | 0.432*** (0.043) | -0.188*** (0.046) | -0.224*** (0.048) | -0.151*** (0.048) | -0.218*** (0.048) | -0.250*** (0.051) | -0.150*** (0.049) |
| High SES | 0.396*** (0.048) | 0.417*** (0.051) | 0.311*** (0.050) | 0.618*** (0.044) | 0.632*** (0.046) | 0.507*** (0.045) | -0.224*** (0.048) | -0.257*** (0.049) | -0.163*** (0.050) | -0.284*** (0.049) | -0.313*** (0.052) | -0.191*** (0.051) |
| Controlling for race | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Controlling for other variables | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Observations | 8,910 | 8,910 | 8,910 | 9,690 | 9,690 | 9,690 | 9,360 | 9,360 | 9,360 | 9,440 | 9,440 | 9,440 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.112 | 0.116 | 0.176 | 0.105 | 0.109 | 0.202 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.103 | 0.067 | 0.071 | 0.147 |
Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A, Figure D3, and Table F3.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)