Executive function at the beginning of kindergarten, by SES quintile, under unadjusted to fully adjusted models
| Cognitive flexibility | Working memory | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1S | M2S | M3S | M1S | M2S | M3S | |
| Low-middle SES | 0.144*** (0.047) |
0.100** (0.048) |
0.098** (0.049) |
0.201*** (0.039) |
0.145*** (0.040) |
0.101*** (0.037) |
| Middle SES | 0.264*** (0.048) |
0.201*** (0.049) |
0.192*** (0.051) |
0.399*** (0.042) |
0.318*** (0.043) |
0.259*** (0.041) |
| High-middle SES | 0.266*** (0.047) |
0.192*** (0.049) |
0.182*** (0.051) |
0.582*** (0.043) |
0.489*** (0.045) |
0.416*** (0.043) |
| High SES | 0.346*** (0.047) |
0.272*** (0.048) |
0.254*** (0.051) |
0.705*** (0.045) |
0.608*** (0.046) |
0.513*** (0.045) |
| Controlling for race | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Controlling for other variables | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Observations | 10,220 | 10,220 | 10,220 | 9,570 | 9,570 | 9,570 |
| Adj.R2 | 0.0803 | 0.0860 | 0.0974 | 0.168 | 0.176 | 0.255 |
Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A, Figure D2, and Table F2.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)