Summary of race/ethnicity-based education gaps, fully adjusted differences (Model 3, M3R)
| Variables (measured in standard deviations) | Black | Hispanic ELL | Hispanic English | Asian | Other | N | Adj.R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive skills and executive function | |||||||
| Reading | -0.069* | -0.200*** | -0.083** | 0.373*** | 0.060 | 10,240 | 0.339 |
| Math | -0.236*** | -0.256*** | -0.155*** | 0.267*** | 0.006 | 10,220 | 0.362 |
| Cognitive flexibility | -0.240*** | -0.077 | -0.079** | -0.038 | -0.090** | 10,220 | 0.097 |
| Working memory | -0.291*** | -0.361*** | -0.167*** | -0.015 | 0.047 | 9,570 | 0.255 |
| Principal noncognitive skills (as reported by teachers) | |||||||
| Self-control | -0.194*** | 0.075 | 0.005 | -0.010 | -0.052 | 8,910 | 0.176 |
| Approaches to learning | -0.185*** | 0.051 | -0.038 | 0.079 | -0.049 | 9,690 | 0.202 |
| Internalizing problems | -0.043 | -0.052 | 0.007 | -0.090 | -0.003 | 9,360 | 0.103 |
| Externalizing problems | 0.160*** | -0.040 | -0.043 | -0.031 | 0.051 | 9,440 | 0.147 |
| Principal noncognitive skills (as reported by parents) | |||||||
| Self-control | 0.174*** | -0.066 | -0.029 | -0.022 | 0.062 | 10,240 | 0.068 |
| Approaches to learning | 0.009 | -0.172** | 0.057 | -0.154*** | 0.025 | 10,260 | 0.186 |
| Social interactions | 0.002 | -0.212** | -0.007 | -0.255*** | -0.027 | 10,260 | 0.112 |
| Other noncognitive skills (as reported by teachers) | |||||||
| Interpersonal relationships | -0.200*** | 0.061 | -0.020 | -0.047 | -0.050 | 9,020 | 0.181 |
| Closeness to teacher | -0.246*** | 0.015 | -0.003 | -0.193*** | -0.164*** | 9,640 | 0.170 |
| Eagerness to learn | -0.188*** | 0.061 | -0.069 | 0.031 | -0.019 | 9,730 | 0.146 |
| Attention | -0.136*** | 0.061 | -0.055 | 0.040 | -0.063 | 9,730 | 0.163 |
| Persistence in completing tasks | -0.144*** | 0.027 | -0.071* | 0.132** | -0.008 | 9,710 | 0.174 |
| Other noncognitive skills (as reported by parents) | |||||||
| Persistence in completing tasks | 0.071 | -0.178* | 0.007 | -0.105 | 0.022 | 10,260 | 0.077 |
| Eagerness to learn | 0.026 | -0.080 | 0.072* | -0.056 | -0.022 | 10,260 | 0.099 |
| Creativity in work or play | -0.112** | -0.082 | 0.091** | -0.151** | 0.043 | 10,250 | 0.132 |
Note: ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. Columns 1 to 4 are extracted from Model M3R (see Appendices E and F).
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)