Summary of socioeconomic-based education gaps; fully adjusted differences (Model 3, M3S)

 Variables (measured in standard deviations ) Low-middle SES Middle SES High-middle SES High SES N Adj.R2
Cognitive skills and executive function
Reading 0.167*** 0.345*** 0.555*** 0.784*** 10,240 0.339
Math 0.153*** 0.372*** 0.539*** 0.761*** 10,220 0.362
Cognitive flexibility 0.098** 0.192*** 0.182*** 0.254*** 10,220 0.097
Working memory 0.101*** 0.259*** 0.416*** 0.513*** 9,570 0.255
Principal noncognitive skills (as reported by teachers)
Self-control 0.073 0.162*** 0.286*** 0.311*** 8,910 0.176
Approaches to learning 0.132*** 0.230*** 0.432*** 0.507*** 9,690 0.202
Internalizing problems -0.043 -0.110** -0.151*** -0.163*** 9,360 0.103
Externalizing problems 0.016 -0.066 -0.150*** -0.191*** 9,440 0.147
Principal noncognitive skills (as reported by parents)            
Self-control 0.068 0.175*** 0.192*** 0.258*** 10,240 0.068
Approaches to learning 0.151*** 0.175*** 0.259*** 0.302*** 10,260 0.186
Social interactions 0.163*** 0.184*** 0.177*** 0.186*** 10,260 0.112
Other noncognitive skills (as reported by teachers)            
Interpersonal relationships 0.088** 0.176*** 0.319*** 0.348*** 9,020 0.181
Closeness to teacher 0.046 0.120*** 0.192*** 0.229*** 9,640 0.170
Eagerness to learn 0.092** 0.189*** 0.355*** 0.407*** 9,730 0.146
Attention 0.104*** 0.185*** 0.360*** 0.438*** 9,730 0.163
Persistence in completing tasks 0.116*** 0.177*** 0.346*** 0.422*** 9,710 0.174
Other noncognitive skills (as reported by parents)            
Persistence in completing tasks 0.076* 0.099** 0.169*** 0.203*** 10,260 0.077
Eagerness to learn 0.166*** 0.189*** 0.174*** 0.232*** 10,260 0.099
Creativity in work or play 0.081** 0.062 0.109** 0.136*** 10,250 0.132

Note: Columns 1 to 4 are extracted from Model M3S (see Appendices D and F).

Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)

View the underlying data on epi.org.