Executive function at the beginning of kindergarten, compared with low socioeconomic status executive function, by SES quintile (Working memory)
| Unadjusted (M1S) | Adjusted by race (M2S) | Fully adjusted (M3S) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-middle SES | 0.201***(0.039) | 0.145***(0.040) | 0.101***(0.037) |
| Middle SES | 0.399***(0.042) | 0.318***(0.043) | 0.259***(0.041) |
| High-middle SES | 0.582***(0.043) | 0.489***(0.045) | 0.416***(0.043) |
| High SES | 0.705***(0.045) | 0.608***(0.046) | 0.513***(0.045) |
Note: SES refers to socioeconomic status. Model 1 (M1S) shows the baseline unadjusted standard deviation score for each socioeconomic group, relative to low-SES children. Model 2 (M2S) shows each group's relative performance after controlling for rache/ethnicity. Model 3 (M3S) shows relative performance after adjusting for all family and child characteristics, pre-K schooling, and enrichment activities with parents. See Appendix A and Tables D2 and F2.
Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)