Other noncognitive skills at the beginning of kindergarten, as reported by parents, under fully adjusted models

Persistence Eagerness to learn Creativity in work or play
M3R/M3S M3R/M3S M3R/M3S
Black 0.071
(0.052)		 0.026
(0.051)		 -0.112**
(0.049)
Hispanic ELL -0.178*
(0.093)		 -0.080
(0.089)		 -0.082
(0.090)
Hispanic English 0.007
(0.042)		 0.072*
(0.040)		 0.091**
(0.039)
Asian -0.105
(0.069)		 -0.056
(0.063)		 -0.151**
(0.065)
Other 0.022
(0.051)		 -0.022
(0.050)		 0.043
(0.046)
Low-middle SES 0.076*
(0.043)		 0.166***
(0.045)		 0.081**
(0.041)
Middle SES 0.099**
(0.047)		 0.189***
(0.047)		 0.062
(0.044)
High-middle SES 0.169***
(0.048)		 0.174***
(0.048)		 0.109**
(0.045)
High SES 0.203***
(0.050)		 0.232***
(0.050)		 0.136***
(0.047)
Girl 0.133***
(0.022)		 0.122***
(0.022)		 0.187***
(0.021)
Age of student 0.005*
(0.003)		 0.002
(0.003)		 0.008***
(0.003)
Has a disability -0.225***
(0.029)		 -0.221***
(0.030)		 -0.115***
(0.027)
Language at home is not English 0.058
(0.075)		 -0.053
(0.070)		 -0.168**
(0.074)
Not living with two parents -0.099***
(0.030)		 -0.028
(0.028)		 -0.057**
(0.028)
Number of siblings 0.007
(0.011)		 -0.025**
(0.011)		 -0.038***
(0.010)
Immigrant -0.009
(0.038)		 -0.028
(0.038)		 -0.027
(0.035)
Center-based pre-K 0.021
(0.023)		 0.057**
(0.024)		 0.016
(0.022)
Enrichment activities with parents 0.318***
(0.021)		 0.354***
(0.022)		 0.427***
(0.020)
Constant -0.446**
(0.204)		 -0.279
(0.195)		 -0.543***
(0.184)
Observations 10,260 10,260 10,250
Adj.R2 0.0771 0.0987 0.132

Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A.

Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)

View the underlying data on epi.org.