Other noncognitive skills at the beginning of kindergarten, as reported by teachers, under fully adjusted models

  Interpersonal relationships Closeness to teacher Eagerness to learn Attention Persistence in completing tasks
  M3R/M3S M3R/M3S M3R/M3S M3R/M3S M3R/M3S
Black -0.200***
(0.052)		 -0.246***
(0.050)		 -0.188***
(0.049)		 -0.136***
(0.050)		 -0.144***
(0.048)
Hispanic ELL 0.061
(0.089)		 0.015
(0.089)		 0.061
(0.084)		 0.061
(0.086)		 0.027
(0.087)
Hispanic English -0.020
(0.041)		 -0.003
(0.039)		 -0.069
(0.042)		 -0.055
(0.040)		 -0.071*
(0.041)
Asian -0.047
(0.067)		 -0.193***
(0.072)		 0.031
(0.064)		 0.040
(0.064)		 0.132**
(0.064)
Other -0.050
(0.056)		 -0.164***
(0.049)		 -0.019
(0.050)		 -0.063
(0.053)		 -0.008
(0.049)
Low-middle SES 0.088**
(0.044)		 0.046
(0.043)		 0.092**
(0.043)		 0.104***
(0.039)		 0.116***
Middle SES 0.176***
(0.047)		 0.120***
(0.046)		 0.189***
(0.046)		 0.185***
(0.043)		 0.177***
(0.043)
High-middle SES 0.319***
(0.046)		 0.192***
(0.046)		 0.355***
(0.047)		 0.360***
(0.044)		 0.346***
(0.044)
High SES 0.348***
(0.049)		 0.229***
(0.048)		 0.407***
(0.048)		 0.438***
(0.045)		 0.422***
(0.046)
Girl 0.345***
(0.023)		 0.318***
(0.021)		 0.210***
(0.022)		 0.385***
(0.022)		 0.270***
(0.022)
Age of student 0.014***
(0.003)		 -0.001
(0.003)		 0.018***
(0.003)		 0.023***
(0.003)		 0.026***
(0.003)
Has a disability -0.254***
(0.031)		 -0.124***
(0.028)		 -0.217***
(0.029)		 -0.287***
(0.029)		 -0.279***
(0.029)
Language at home is not English -0.065
(0.073)		 -0.066
(0.074)		 0.005
(0.066)		 0.009
(0.069)		 0.064
(0.070)
Not living with two parents -0.221***
(0.030)		 -0.074**
(0.029)		 -0.162***
(0.029)		 -0.209***
(0.029)		 -0.172***
(0.029)
Number of siblings 0.024**
(0.011)		 -0.026**
(0.011)		 -0.029***
(0.010)		 0.016
(0.010)		 0.004
(0.010)
Immigrant -0.053
(0.039)		 -0.066*
(0.036)		 -0.021
(0.039)		 0.010
(0.036)		 0.023
(0.037)
Center-based pre-K -0.032
(0.024)		 0.019
(0.022)		 0.005
(0.023)		 -0.012
(0.023)		 -0.002
(0.023)
Enrichment activities with parents 0.065***
(0.022)		 0.086***
(0.021)		 0.115***
(0.021)		 0.099***
(0.021)		 0.069***
(0.021)
Constant -1.123***
(0.203)		 0.012
(0.188)		 -1.373***
(0.196)		 -1.811***
(0.191)		 -1.987***
(0.190)
Observations 9,020 9,640 9,730 9,730 9,710
Adj.R2 0.181 0.170 0.146 0.163 0.174

Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. For statistical significance, *** denotes p<0.01, ** denotes p<0.05, and * denotes p<0.1. The number of observations is rounded to the nearest multiple of 10. ELL stands for English-language learner. English refers to English-language speaker. SES refers to socioeconomic status. See Appendix A.

Source: EPI analysis of ECLS-K, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011 (National Center for Education Statistics)

View the underlying data on epi.org.